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* BOWFIN. 382 BOWLING GREEN. strong, active, voracious, and gamy, taking a trolling spoon with avidity and resisting capture strongly. They feed upon all sorts of small aquatic creatures. They spawn late in spring, in warm shallows, among water-weeds, where the guarded eggs hatch in eight or ten days, after which the young remain with the parents for two or three weeks, during which time they will re- treat into their mother's capacious mouth for protection when danger threatens them. They, do not venture into open lakes or deep water until the following season. The flesh is consid- ered hai'dly eatable in the Northern States, but is a favorite with the negroes of the South. Other Northern nauies for this fish are dogfisli and lawyer; and in the South it is known as mudfish and grindle, or John A. Grindle. Con- sult: Halloek, tVportsman's Oazetteer (New York, 1877), and Goode, Fishery Industries, Sec- tion I. (Washington, 1884). See Plate of Stur- geons, Pabdlefish, and Bowfin. BOWHEAD, boiled'. A whalebone whale, especially the great Greenland species, in refer- ence to the arched outline of its head. See Whale. BOWIE (bo'e) KNIFE. A form of liunting- knife often carried by pioneers of the Southwest, and improved by Col. James Bowie, who has been wrongfully represented as a bully and a duelist. BOW (bo) ISLAND. An island of coral formation in the southern Pacific, near the centre of, and the largest in, the Paumotu or Low Archi- pelago ( ilap : World, L 7 ). It is about .30 miles long and 5 miles broad. BOWKER, KiciiARD Roger (1848—). An American editor and writer. He was born in Salem, Mass., and graduated at the College of the City of New York in 1868. He was a leader in the Independent Republican or 'Mug^iimp' movement in 1879. His publications include Work and Wealth; Ecmromics for the People; Cop!/riqht : Its Late and its Literature, and the Annual American Literary Index. BOWLDERS. See Boulders. BOWLES, Caroline. See Southet. BOWLES, bolz, Francis Tiffany (1858—). An American naval constructor. He was born in Springfield, Mass., graduated in 1879 at the United States Naval Academy, studied at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, England, and was appointed to the United States naval advis- ory board in 1882. He was long director of repairs and construction in the Norfolk (Va.) and Brooklyn (N. Y.) navy -yards, and became chief constructor of the United States Navy. In 1901 he was made a rear-admiral. He has been closely connected with the building of the new United Stales Navy. BOWLES, Samuel (1826-78). An American journalist, born in Massachusetts. For more than thirty years he was editor of the Springfield (Mass.) Republican-, which had been established by his father, the elder Samuel Bowles, and which soon became one of the leading journals in New England. He traveled widely over the United States, and was always warmly inter- ested in political affairs, though never holding office. As a practical editor, Bowles stood in the first rank, satisfied with nothing less than the best work, sparing neither his own nor his subordinates' strength, nor hampered in his work by either fear or friendship. He was an accora- jdislied and fascinating conversationalist, cosnio- jiolitan in taste and liberal in ojiinion. His trav- els gave rise to the volunies Our Xcw West (1869) and The Su^it-erlanil of America (1869), which, with his numerous editorial writings, .showed him a master of clear and vigorous Eng- lish. Consult Merriam, The Life and Times of Samuel Hoicles (New York, 1885). BOWLES, William Lisle (1762-1850). An English poet. He was born September 24, 1762, at King's Sutton, Northamptonshire, where his father was then vicar. He received his educa- tion at Winchester School, and at Trinity Col- lege, Oxford. In 1804 he became vicar of Breni- hill, Wiltshire, and a prebendary of Salisbury Catlicdral. Here he spent the remainder of his long life. He died at the Clo.se, Salisbury, April 7, 1850. His poetical career began with the pub- lication, in 1789, of Fourteen Sonnets, Written Chiefly on Picturesque Spots During a Journey. Tliis unpretending volume was received with ex- traordinary favor; the sonnets were fresh and natural, and to many minds all the more charm- ing because of the contrast which they presented to the style of poetry which had long been prev- alent. Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Southej- were among their enthusiastic admirers; and through the influence which he exercised over them, Bowles may be regarded as the founder of a school of English poetry, in which their names soon became greater than his own. The subse- quent poetical works of Bowles are very numer- ous, of which "The Spirit of Discovery" and "The Missionary" are generally regarded as the best of his longer blank-verse ])oeiiis. Bowles was also an antiquarian of repute; and as a litcrar)' critic he was the cause of a memorable controversy on the question whether Pope was a poet. In his edition of Pope's works (1806), he was very severe in his strictures. Byron, Campbell, and others replied. Consult Gilfillan, Poetical Works, with memoir (ed. Edinburgh, 1855). BOWLEY, bou'li. Sir .Tosei'H. 'The Father and Friend of the Poor,' in Dickens's short storj', The cliimes. He is a hypocritical member of Parliament. BOWLINE, b(-/lin {bow of a ship + line). A rope fastened near the middle of the perpen- dicular edges of the square sails by three or four subordinate ropes called bridles. It is employed to tighten the edge of the sail and make it lie flutter when sailing close to the wind. BOWLING, bcyiing, Tom. (1) The name of a sailor in Smollett's Uoderick llandom. (2) The same, in a song of that title hj- Charles Dibdin. BOWLING GREEN. A city and the county- seat of Wiirren County, Ky., 114 miles south- west of Louisville; on the Barren River, at the head of navigation, and on the ijoiiisville and Nashville Railroad (Map: Kentiuky, E 3). It is in a fertile agricultural region prmlucing corn, hay, wheat, oats, and tobacco, and has an im- portant trade also in mules and hogs, and its horse market is one of the largest in Kentucky. The city has two parks, the larger of 42 acres, interesting from an historical point of view, and contains g<len College (non-sectarian), opened in 1877 : Potter College for Women (non-secta- rian), opened in 1889; Southeni Normal School: Saint Columba'a .Academy, and a business col- lege. Bowling Green was first incorporated in