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* BOWDOIN COLLEGE. 379 BOWER. In 1900 Bowdoin had thirty-four professors and instructors, 252 academic students, and 104 medical students. At the same time the library contained at)Out 70,000 volumes. The college is non-sectarian, but closely affiliated with the Congregational denomination. BOWELL, bou'el, IMackenzie (1823—). A Canadian statesman. He was bom in England, but removed to Canada in 183.3, received a eom- niou-school education, and became editor and proprietor of the Belleville Intelligencer. He served in the Dominion Parliament from 1867 to 1802. as a member of the Privy Council, and as Minister of Customs. He became Minister of Jlilitia and Defense in 1892. and from 1894 to 1890 was Premier. Later he was leader of the Conservative Opposition in the Senate ( 1896' 97). BOWEN, bo'en, Fba.xcis (1811-90). An American author, born in Charlestown, Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 1833, and became in- structor there in intellectual philosophy and political economy. He was proprietor and editor of the y'orth American lieview from 1843 to 1854, when he was appointed to the Alford professorship of natural religion, moral phi- losophy, and civil polity at Harvard. In phi- losophy and metaphysics he opposed the views of Cousin. Comte, Fichte, Kant, and Mill, and up- held those of Locke and Berkeley. Among his publications are: Lectures on the "Application of Metaphi/sical and Ethical tfcience to the Evi- dences of Religion" (1849) : Lectures on Political Economy (1850) ; Critical Essays on the History and Present Condition of Speculative Philosophy (1842) ; Documents of the Constitution of Eng- land and America, from Magna Charta to the Federal Constitution of 1789 (1854) ; Principles of Political Economy (1856) : Gleanings from a Literary Life, 18SS-80 (1880): A Layman's Study of the English Bible (1886), and many assays and reviews. BOWEN, Sir George Febguson (1821-99). An English administrator. He was born in Ire- land and was educated at Oxford. He served for a time as president of the University of Corfu, and afterwards became chief secretary of the Government of the Ionian Islands (1854) : first Governor of Queensland (1859), and Governor of New Zealand (1868), where he had the dillicult task of bringing the Maori War to an end. He was (Jovcrnor of Victoria from 1873 to 1879; of Mauritius from 1875 to 1883, and of Hong Kong from 1883 to 1887, when he retired on a pension. In 1888, however, he was royal commissioner at Malta to arrange for the new constitution grant- ed that island. He wrot« Ithaca, (1850) ; Mur- ray's Uandhook for Travelers in Greece (0th ed., London, 1896) ; Mount Athos, Thessaly, and Epirus (1852); and Thirty Years of Colonial Government ( 1889), containing a full account of his public services. BOWEN, Henby Chandler (1813-96). An American i)uh!isher; born in Woodstock, Conn. He received an academic education; came to New York in 1833, and established the firm of Bowen & McNamee, dry-goods and silk mer- chants. In 1848 he assisted in founding the New- York Independent, of which he became publisher, proprietor, and editor. In 1852 his firm was boycotted in the South on account of his public Vol. III.— 25. denunciation of the Fugitive Slave Law, and became famous for the statement that the finn had "its goods but not its principles for sale." BOWEN, .Joiix Wesley Edward (1855 — ). An American theologian ; born in New Orleans. He is a graduate of the universities of New Orleans and Bost(jn, and was professor of ancient languages at Central Tennessee College (1878- 82) ; professor of church history and systematic theology at Morgan College, Baltimore ( 1889- 91) ; professor of Hebrew at Howard University, Wa.shington (1891). In 1888 he became profes- sor of theology in the Gammon Theological Semi- nary, South Atlanta, Ga. He has also held sevei-al prominent pastorates and has been secre- tary of various church and missionary organiza- tions. His writings include: Africa and the American Xegro; The Catholic Hpirit of Method- ism; The Theology and Psychology of the Xegro Plantation Melodies; An Apology for the Higher Education of the Negro. BOWENITE, bo'en-It. A massive variety of serpentine, of an apple-green or greenish-white color, that is found in Smithfield, R. I., and in other serpentine localities. It was named after George T. Bowen, who described it in 1822. BOWER, bou'er, Archibald (1686-1766). A Scottish ecclesiastical historian. He was born in Dundee, was educated at the Scotch College in Douai, and in 1706 was admitted to the Jesuit order. He studied divinity in Rome and Arezzo, and from 1723 to 1726 was a member of the Court of the Inquisition in ilacerata. In the latter year he returned to England and entered the Established Church. In 1745 he was re-ad- mitted to the Jesuit Order, but in 1747 professed again to have left the Church of Rome. He was severely attacked for his changes of religion, and for the alleged lack of originality displayed in his History of the Popes (1748-66), his best- known work, and the most complete of the sort in the language. It was reprinted in Philadel- phia in 1844-45, with a continuation in 3 vols, by Dr. S. H. Cox. BOWER, Frederick Obpen (1855 — ). An English botanist. He was bom at Ripon, Y'ork- shire, and was educated at Trinity College, Cam- bridge. In 1882 he was appointed first lecturer in botany in the Normal School of Science ( now Royal College of Science), and in 1885 he became regius professor of botany in the University of Glasgow. During the following four years he also acted as examiner in the University of Lon- don. His works include a Course of Practical Instruction in Botany, in collaboration with Pro- fessor Vines (1891); Practical Botany for Be- ginners (1894); a translation, prepared in collaboration with Dr. D. H. Scott, of the Com- parative Anatomy of Phanerogams and Ferns by De Bary (1884), and numerous memoirs pub- lished by the Royal Society and the Linntean Society. BOWER (or BOWMAKER), Walter ( ■;I3S51449). An abbot of the monastery of Saint Columba, Island of Inchcolm. Firth of Forth, and one of the authors of the Scolichroni- ron. He began about 1440 his continuation of John Fordun's Chronica Gentis Scotorum. He divided the work into sixteen books, of which the first five and a part of the sixth were largely by Fordun, and carried it down to the death of James I. (1437). The iScoticAroni'con, completed