Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/426

* BOTJVET. 376 BO VINO. still the basis of our maps. He was born at Mons, in Belgium. Louis XIV. directed him and five other learned Jesuits, including Gerbillon, to proceed to China. They arrived there in July, 1686, and were graciously received by the Chinese Emperor. They succeeded so well in the archi- tectural enterprises committed to them that Kang-hi permitted a church and residence to be built for them inside the Tartar city. The first treaty ever signed by the Court of Peking, with the Russians, for trade, definition of frontier, and their evacuation of Albazin and Manchuria, was negotiated largely through the influence of these missionaries, in 169G Bouvet was com- missioned to bring out from France other mis- sionaries, Jind in lU'J'J he returned with ten fellow-Jesuits, among them the learned Parrenin, and the survey of the Empire was begun. Bouvet wrote a biography of Kang-hi and an account in four languages of his various travels, besides his book, Etat present de la Chine, avec figures gravies par Griff art (1697). On the basis of the concessions to Bouvet and Gerbillon, the French laid claims in the Treaty of Tientsin to the land and the rebuilding at Chinese expense of the great Pci Tang or Northern Cathedral in Peking, destroyed by the Boxers. Consult: Mi- ehie. The Englishman in China, Vol. VIII. (Edin- burgh, 1900) ; and Smith, China in Convulsion (New York, 1901). BOTTVIER, buo'-ya', Augu.ste Ami Oscab (1826 — ). A Swiss Protestant theologian. He was born in Geneva and studied at the University of Berlin (1846), and at that of his native city (1847-51). He was engaged in evangelical work in Paris (1853), and later went to London, where he became pastor of the Swiss church. He occu- pied the pulpit in the Quartier Saint-Gervais at Geneva in 1857, and four years afterwards was appointed professor of practical theology at the Geneva Academy. During his visit to Ger- many he became strongly influenced by the views of Schleiermacher, Neander, and others, and in his works, which are characterized by scholarly researcli and independence of thought, he favors the gradual adoption of the principles of modern liberalism by the Evangelical Party. His prin- cipal works "are the following: Epoques rt cnrae- teres bibliques (1873): Le pasteur John Host (1882); Paroles de foi et de liberti (1882); Theologie systhnatique (1887); Etude sur le predication de Jisus (1892). BOUVIER, bou-ver'; French pron. boo'vyS', John (1787-1851). An American jurist. He was born .at Codogno, Italy, but his family emigrated to America wlien he was very young, and lie was brought up in Phihidelphia. In 1822 he began to practice law there, and in 1838 became associate judge of the Court of Criminal Sessions. Among his publications are a vahuvble Laxe Dictionary Adapted to the Constitution and Lairs of the United fitates of America, and of the Several States of the Ayneriean Union (1839); a new edition of Jiacon's Abridgment of the Law (1841): and The Ittstitutes of American Law (1851). liis greatest work. BOTJ VINES, boTTVi-n' (anciently, Lat. Bo- vinee) . A small village near Lille in France, noted as the scene of a victory gained by Philip Augustus, on .July 27, 1214. over the allied Ger- man, Flemish, Dutch, and English forces. By this battle the power of Otho IV. (q.v.) of Ger- many was crushed and the possession of Nor- mandy, Maine, Anjou, Touraine, and Poitou, wrested by Philip from the English, was assured to the French monarch. BOVARY, bu'vi'rS', IMadame. See Madame BOVARY. BCVATE (from Lat. bos, ox, cow), or Ox- G.NG. In the mediaeval manor, the space of land an ox could plow in a year ; one-eighth of the carucate (q.v.). Often stated as 18 acres. BO'VEY COAL. See Lignite. BOVIA'NITM. The name of two ancient towns of Samnium : ( I ) Bovianum Vetus, capi- tal of the Caraceni, conquered by the Romans in B.C. 298. Now Pietrabbondante, near Agnone. (2) Boviamim Uudecimanorum, now Bojano, capital of the Pentri; conquered by the Romans in B.C. 311, it served as their headquarters in the Second Punic War, and as a confederate head- quarters in the Social War until taken by assault by Sulla in B.C. 89. BO'VID.a; (from Lat. bos, gen. 6o!'is, ox). A family of ruminants embracing all those hav- ing lioUow persistent horns in both sexes (save in certain antelopes), combined with certain other anatomical characters. (See Ruminant.) It includes the domestic animals that 'chew the cud,' and others prominent as game. These are usually divided into five sub-families or sections, viz.: (1) Antelopes (Antilopina") ; (2) goats (Caprin*); (3) sheep (Ovime) ; (4) musk-oxen (Ovibovin«) ; (5) oxen (Boviiiie). In a gen- eral way, and by typical examples, these divi- sions (elsewhere "fully treated under their Eng- lish names) are easily recognized; but when all the representatives "of the family are consid- ered they are found to intergrade confusingly, so that some naturalists regard the .sub-sections of antelopes (as the Alcephalinse, etc., see Ante- lope) as coiirdinate with the Caprin:e. OviniE, etc.: and opinions vary as to their interrela- tions; while certain forms, especially the saigas, are by some authorities excluded altogether. The most conspicuous commim character is the na- ture of the horns, which occur in pairs and con- sist of hollow sheaths of hardened and thickened epidennis (see Horn), covering and supported by bony outgrowths of the skull, varying in form in the different groups. These begin to grow .soon after birth, enlarging with the growth of the core, and are perfected at maturity, at which time "the core becomes excavated by the exten- sion into it of the frontal sinuses, whence the ruminants which possess such horns are not infrequently called Cavicornia": once assumed, they remain permanently throughout life, forming the principal weapons of offense and defense pos- sessed by the tribe. The distril)Ulion of the fam- ily is extensive, covering all of the Old World except Australasia, but in the Western Hemi- sphere it is confined to the northern continent, none being indigenous to South America. -Most of them, however, show high adaptability for accli- matization, enabling the domesticated species to thrive in almost every part of the world. BOVINO, b6-ve'nA (anciently, Lat. Vebinum). An ejiiscoiial citv in the Province of Foggia, south Italv, 2100 "feet above the sea. and 20 miles southwest' of Foggia (Map: Italy, K 6). It has an ancient cathedral and the ruins of an aquc-