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* BOURRU BIENFAISANT. 374 BOUTERWEK. BOTJRRTJ BIENFAISANT, biJo'm' byaN'- fe-ziiN', Le (Fr., The Beneficent Misanthrope). See GoLDONi, Carlo. BOTJRSATJLT, boor's6', Edme (1638-1701). A Fii-nth satirist and dramatist. Boursault won the favor of Louis XIV. by his 'eri- table etude dcs sourcraiiis, a book written for the education of the dauphin. His dramas, Esope n la cour and Esope a la ville, were very popular; his tragedies highly esteemed by the enemies of Racine. His Le portrait du peintre, an attack on JloliSre for his Ecole des femmes, provoked from Moli&re the caustic Impromptu de TersaiUes, where Boursault figures by name, as ho did in early editions of Boileau's satires in response to his Sati/re des Sat y res. Later Boursault did Roileau a kindness, and his name was erased from that roll of dishonor. Consult Saint-Rene Taillandier, Etudes littiraires (Paris, ISSl). BOURSE., boors. See Exchange; Stock Ex- CUANGE. BOTTSSA, boos'sa. See Bussang. BOUSSINGAULT, boo'saN'go', Jean Bap- TISTE .losKi'H DiEinoxNfi (1802-87). A French chemist, distinguished for investigations in agri- cultural chemistry. He was educated at the School of Mines "of Saint Etienne, and went, in the employment of an English mining com- pany, to South America, where, besides rendering important professional services, he served under General Bolivar in the South American war of independence. On his return to France he was appointed professor of chemistry at Lyons. In 18.39 he became a member of the Institute and was appointed to the chair of agriculture in the Conservatoire des Arts et Jletiers. in Paris. In 1857 he was made commander and in 1876 grand officer of the Legion of Honor. Boussingault published a large number of valuable papers em- bodying the results of his experimental investi- gations on various topics in general chemistry and particularly in agricultural science; a col- lection of his more important memoirs ap- peared in 1854. Among his highly valuable publications may be mentioned his Econoinie ru- rale (2 vols., 1844), which was republished in enlarged form under the title Atjronomie. chimie a;iricolc et physiologie (.3 vols., 18G0-64; and again in 1887-91) ; this work was translated into English and German and won for its author a Eurojican reputation. BOUSSU, bnn'si.i'. A town of Belgium in the Province of Hainaut. situated about seven miles west of Mons, with which it is connected by rail. It contains foundries and smelting- works, and in its vicinity are Extensive coal-mines (Map: Bel- gium, H 4). It was the scene of two engagements between the Austrians and the French on .Vpril 28 and on November 4, 1792. Population, in 1900. 10,!inri. BOTJ'STROPHE'DON (Gk. PovarpoipriSSv, hoiistrophedon, from /3orf, hous, ox -j- urpfi/iEn', strephein. to turn). A word descriptive of a method of w-riting common among the Greeks of the Sixth Century B.C.. in which the lines were written alternately from right to left and from left to right. Thc'met.hod took its name from the resemblance to the winding coirse taken by oxen in plowing, and was transitional between the earlier method wherein the lines all ran from right to left and the later method wherein they all ran from left to right. See Writing. BOXJTARIC, boo'ta'rek', Edoab Paul (1829- 77 ). A French historian, born at Chrit«audun (Eure-et-Loir). He was appointed chief of the administrative section of the national archives, whose original documents he utilized in pre- paring his historical studies, which are distin- guished by critical care. They deal chiefly with French institutions of the Middle Ages, and in- clude La France sous Philippe le Bel (1861) and Saint Louis et Alphonse de Poitiers (1870). He also wrote valuable articles for reviews. For his life, consult Bruel and Bonnassieux (Paris). BOUTEL', Mrs. An English actress of the latter half of the Seventeenth Century. The facts of her life are to a great extent unre- corded, but she a])peared at Driiry Lane, then the Theatre Royal, about 1663. and before she retired from the stage in 1096 had for years been a popular actress in the London theatres, playing frequently with Betterton, ilrs. Barry, and Mrs. Bracegirdle (q.v.). She was famous, according to an old writer, for her happy pre- sentation of the character of the "young inno- cent lady whom all the heroes are mad in love with," a part for which her personal charms well fitted her. Among her rules were .spatia, in The Maid's Tragedy (1666); Melantha, in J/arriajre it la mode (1672); Mrs. Pinchwife, in Wycher- ley's Country Wife (1673) ; Rosalinda, in Soph- onisba (1676); Cleopatra, in Dryden's All For Love (1678) ; and Mrs. Termagant, in the Sijuire of Alsatia (1688). Her success on the stage en- abled her to retire with a competence before she reached old age. Consult: Genest. History of the English Stage, Vol. II. (Bath, 1832) ; and Doran, An7tals of the Stage, ed. Lowe, Vol. I. (London, 1888). BOtTTELLE, bou-tel', Charles Addison (I839-190I). An .merican journalist and poli- tician, born at Damariscotta, Maine. He entered the merchant marine, enlisted in the L^nited States Xavy in the South Atlantic blockading squadron in 1862. and in command of the.Yi/aii^a, with rank of lieutenant, participated in the cap- ture of Mobile. In 1870 he became managing editor, and in 1874 proprietor, of the liaiigor Whig and Courier. He was a delegate to Repub- lican national conventions in 1876. 1880, 1884, and 1888, and was a member of the National Ho>ise of Representatives from the Forty-eighth to the Fifty-sixth Congress. He was particularly active as a member of the House committee on naval alTairs. of which he was chairman in the Fifty-first, Fifty-foirth. and Fifty-sixth Con- gresses, and did much to promote the construc- tion of the new United States Navy. BOUTERWEK, Ixm'ter-vek, Fkikdricii ( 1766- 1828). A ticniKUi iihilosopher and a-sthctical writer, born near Goslar. in the llarz region. He at first studied law at Gottingen. but soon devoted his whole energies to the study of philos- ophy and of the historj' of literature. In philos- ophy, he was at first a zealous follower of Kant, but afterwards inclined more toward Jacobi. He began to give lectures in (Jiittingen in 1791, and became professor of jihilosophy in 1797. Of his philosophical writings, Ideen za cinrr nllgemriiien Apodiltik (1799) is the most important: but his great work, on which his reputation really rests, is his Geschichte der neu-