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* BOURGOING. 372 BOURNE. VI. (1789) was his most important historical ■work. BOURIGNON, boo'rfe'nyox', Antoinette (l(ilU-80). A Flemish relifjious visionary, once very popular. Slie was born at Lille, January 1."). l(!U'i. Her father was a merchant, and she inlieriled from him a considcrahle patrimony. She was so ugly an infant that there was some thought of killing her as a monstrous birth. Her intellect, however, was verj' acute, and its powers were early developed, along with a tendency to religious mysticism, which was much encouraged by the reading of mystic books, till her imagina- tion became inflamed, and she began to fancy that she saw visions, conversed with God, received spe- cial revelations, and was called to restore the pure spirit of the Gospel. By the good olhces of the Archbishop of Cambrai, she obtained admission into a convent, where she won over some of the nuns to her opinions, and soon found herself at the head of a considerable party. She after- wards had charge of a hospital at Lille, but from this position she wa.s driven in consequence of her extravagant fancies. She now traveled through various countries, her enthusiasm gain- ing proselytes, whose conversion, she said, caused her to suiter the pains of childbirth. At last she was appointed head of a hospital in East Fries- land. According to Jladame Bourignon, religion consists in internal emotion, and not in either knowledge or practice. Among the chief ex- pounders of Bourignianism was Peter Poiret, a Calvinistie minister. It spread to a remarkable extent among both Roman Catholics and Prot- estants; and about the end of the Seventeenth Century, and beginning of the Eighteenth, pre vailed so much in Scotland that a solemn renun- ciation of it was demanded from every entrant on the ministry at his onlination. A minister of Aberdeen was deposed for it in 1701. The formal renunciation of Bourignianism is still continued in the Established Church of Scot- land, but has been given up as needless by other Presbyterian churches. The works of Madame Bourignon were edited bv Poiret (Am- sterdam, 16S0-S6. 19 vols., 2d ed." 1717). They exhibit not a little fiery eloquence. She died at Francker, October 30, 1080. Several of her works — e.g. Treatise of Solid Virtue (1000); Uestoration of the Gospel Spirit (1707)— have been translated into English, and The Jjiffht of the ^yorld (reprinted, London, 180.3, from the edition of ICilMl) . BOTJRINOT, boo're-not, Sir John Geohge ( 1837-1002) . A Canadian historian, born in Syd- ney, Xova Scotia, October 24, 18.37. After grad- uating from Trinity College, Toronto, he turned to journalism, estahlisliing the Halifax Reporter, which he conducted for many years. In 1880 he became clerk of the Dominion House of Com- mons, a post which he long held. He took an active part in the proceedings of the Roval Society of Canada (established 1882), of which lie became president and later honorary sec- retary. Here first appeared several admir- able papers in polities and history, afterwards expanded into books. He also contributed to the leading periodicals on both sides of the Atlantic. Among his books are I'arliamentari/ J'roecdiire and J'raclice (1884; new eil., 1801); Manual of Conslilulional Hi.ilon/ (1888); I'ar- liamenlury (lovernmenl in Canada (1802); How Canada is Governed (1895) ; Cape Breton and Its Meynorials of the French Regime (1802) ; Candida Under Itrilish Rule (1000): Intellectual De- velopmcnt of the Canadian People (1880); and Canada's Intellectual Strength and Weakness (1893). For his service Bourinot received aca- demic honors from Laval University, and in 1808 he was created Knight Commander of Saint Michael and Saint George. BOXJRMONT, hiTor'moN', Loins Auguste ViCTOK DE Chaisnes, Comte de (1773-1840). A French marshal. He was born September 2, 1773, at Chateau de Bourmont in the Department of Maine-et-Loire. Bourmont fought against the Republic under Conde, and after 1704 in the struggle in La 'endee. Later he was sent to represent the anti-revolutionary party in Eng- land. In 1709, wlien the insurgents in I^a 'endee had surrendered, Bourmont reap])eared and set himself at the head of a guerrilla band, but after some brilliant successes was forced to capitulate. He soon after won the favor of the First Consul, but, becoming su.spected of intrigue, was impris- oned at Besancon, whence he escaped to Portugal. When Lisbon was taken by Junot, Bourmont . ofTered his services, and on a pledge of good faith from Junot. reentered France and received successive commissions from Napoleon until he became general of a division. During Napoleon'3 final struggle, Bourmont vacillated and proved inconstant to Louis and Napoleon by turns. After Waterloo he received high military em- ployment imder Louis XVIII., was Minister of War in 1820, and in the Algerian campaign of 1830 won a marshal's baton. After the July Revolution he went into exile, and served for a brief time under the King of Portugal. He died at Bourmont, October 27, 1846. BOURNE, boom, Alfred Gibbs (1850—). . English biologist. He was born in Lowestoft, and was educated at the I'niversity College School, the Roval School of Mines, and LTni- versity College, London. He was the assistant of E. Ray Lankester from 1870 to 1885. and during the last two years of that period was engaged in research at the Zoological Station, Naples. From 1801 to 1890 he was registrar of the University of Madras, botanist to the Gov- ernment in 1897, and subsequently he was ap- pointed principal and professor of botany at the Presidency College, JIadras. His publica- tions comprise numerous papers on the anatomy of Pelomyxa, Limnocodium, Choetohranchus, Leeches, Earthworms, Kotifera, Early Nautilus, Scio|iion Poison, etc. BOURNE, EnwARn Gayloro (1800—). An American historian, born at Strykersville, N. Y. In 1883 he graduated with high honors at Yale, where he became professor of history in 1895. He is also a corresponding member of the Massa- chusetts Historical Society; hecanu' chairman of the historical manuscripts ccuumission of the American Historical Association in 1901; and in 190001 was president of the New England His- tory Teachers' Association. He has i)ublished many critical papers on historical subjects, a number of which have been collected in a volume. Essai/s in Historical Criticism (1901). They are good examples of painstaking research and the ciitical sifting of evidence and one of theiu. "riic Legend of Marcus Wliitnian." arou.sed widespread discussion, and is generally considered