Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/413

* BOTTLE. 363 BOULOGNE-SUB-MEB. BOULE, boole (Gk. jSouXii, council). In an- cient Greeco. a council or senate. The hoiilc of the Uomeric times was composed of princes or leading men, and was a purely consultative body, beinjr convoked to assist the King in mat- ters' of public policy with information and ad- vice. The Athenian hoiile, which was employed by Solon as a check on the ccclesia {iKKrj<Tia), was at first composed of four liundred members, selected, not, as at a later time, by lot. but by election of the people, from the four tribes, one hundred from each tribe, and from the three upper classes. Its duties were to prepare matter for the discussion of the assembly, to convoke and superintend its meetings, and to insure the execution of its decrees. The number was in- creased by Cleisthenes (n.c. 50S-507) to ,500, fifty members being taken from each of the ten tribes into which the people were then divided : from this time its duties became more extensive, em- bracing matters of administration and general oversight. From early in the Fifth Century all free-born Athenian citizens above thirty years of age were eligible to membership. At a still later time (B.C. 306) the number was further increased to 600, there being now twelve tribes, but in the time of Hadrian it was again re- duced to .500. See Schoemann, Griechische Al- terthiimrr. 1', pp. .395 tT. ; Hermann, drirch. Staatsnitcrfhiimer. sec. 125-127; Gilbert. Griech. Staatsalterthihner, V, pp. 295 ft'. (Eng. trans, pp. 265 ff. ) : Heydemann. De Senatu Athenien- xium (Strassburg, 1880). BOULENG^ (boo'laN'zha')CHRO NO- GRAPH. See B.LLiSTics. BOULEVABD, boo'le-viir', or buo'le-viird (Fr., from Ger. liolliccrk, bulwark, bastion). A broad avenue, especially designed for promenades or driving. It was originally the rampart to a fortress or town. In France and Germany these ancient works have generally been leveled, the ditches filled up, and the s])ace thus obtained employed for the formation of parks, promenades, and streets lined with trees. These, in France, still bear the name of boulevard. The boule- vards of Paris are celebrated, and are of great service as open spaces promoting the circulation of air amidst the dense mass of habitations. Some parts of them present a bright and in- teresting spectacle : and as a whole, they afford a striking exhibition of the life and character of the French capital in all the different classes of society. The Boulevard des Italiens is par- ticularly known as the rendezvous of the fash- ionable, and the Boulevard du Temple as the place where the small theatres are to be found which are frequented by the common ])eople and the inhabitants of the suburbs, for which reason the expression ihiatre dr boule- vard is often employed to denote a theatre for the common people, or one of an inferior kind. The Thames Embankment is essentially a bovile- vard. Many American cities have spent large sums of money in laying out spacious boule- vards of considerable length. ew York has a number of fine parkways or t)oulevards, esjiecially in the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens : and Boston and Chicago are also well supplied with these driveways. BOTJLGARIS, bciol-gii'res. See BCXGABIS. B tr L G E R, t)iil'jer, Georgk Simoxos (1853 — ). An Englisli botanist. He was born Vol,. III. —2*. at Blechingly, Surrey, and was e<lucated at Wellington and Epsom colleges, lie was ap- pointed professor of natural history at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, in 1876, and professor of botany and geology at City of London College, in 1884. His publications in- clude: Familiar Trees (1886-80); The Uses of I'kints (1889); Biographical Index of British and Irish Botanists (with -1. Britten, 1893) ; The Country Month by Month (with .1. A. Owen, 1894-95); Elementary Geolofjy (1896); Flowers of the Field (1900). BOtriiLE, bool. or BOULE (formerly errone- ously called Buhl), AndrI^: Ch.rle.s (1642- 1732). A French cabinet-maker, born in Paris, He studied designing, engraving, and carving, and elevated cabinet-making to an art-industry by the invention of a kind of marquetry since known by his name. This work, which is very sumptuous in effect, consists in a skillful pierc- ing and inlaying of metal, the materials used being tortoise-shell, enamel, or metals of other colors. He was patronized by Louis XIV., whose elaborate tastes this work well suited, and it continues to be valued highly by collectors. Riesener (1734-1806), who followed BouUe, used a ground of tulip-wood, inlaid with designs in darker woods, and varied by margins and bands of lighter color, with the grain crossed for contrast. This modification is correctly called Riesener-work. For Boulle's life, consult Asseli- neau (1855). BOTJLLONGNE, boo'16'ny', or BOULONGNE, Louis de (1654-1734). A French j)ainter. He was one of the ten original members of the Acad- emy of Painting, and became its president. He was first painter to the King, and was designer of medals and devices for the Academy of Inscrip- tions. The Gobelins tapestry for the King's apartment was made after his designs in imita- tion of Raphael, and he completed the decorations of Poussin in the great gallery of the Louvre. He was al.so an excellent engraver, and the few of his pictures that are known exhibit a delicate sense of line and color. BOULOGNE -STJR-MER, brTo'lo'ny'-sur-mar' ( Fr., Boulogne on the sea ; anciently, C/'csoriarinfi, Bononia) . A fortified seaport in the Department of Pas-de-Calais. France (Jlap: France, H 1 ) . It stands at the mouth of the river Liane, on the English Channel, 22 miles southwest of Calais, and 139 north-northwest of Paris. The city is divided into the upper and lower, or the old and new districts. The upper city was once a great stronghold, and its ramparts are now spacious boulevards, connnanding a fine marine view, with the coast of England as a horizon. At the ea.st end stands an old castle with six turrets, which dates from 1231. In this part of the city are the fine Hotel de Ville and the Cathedral of Xotre Dame, in Gneco-Roman style, with a colossal statue of the Virgin sunnounting the dome, which is 300 feet in height. The building was erected (1827-06) on the site of a Gothic cathedral destroyed in 1793. The lower or new town is the centre of modern trade and social life — merchants, pleasure-seekers, fisher- men, and factory hands throng the streets, which are broad, clean^ and bright. The beautiful sands are crowded in summer by battlers, etc., and the fine pier is a pleasant promenade. One of the chief objects of interest is the marble Column of