Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/412

* BOULANGEB. 362 BOULDER CLAY. of classicists, and also painted Oriental subjects. Altliovifrh liis many classical paintings show deep arcliiFoIogieal study, his oriental work is the better. All his paintings show a refined taste and imagination, but are cold and academic in execu- tion. They include a "Moorish Cafe" (1848), "t'a>sar at "the Rubicon" (ISIi.")). the "Promenade in the Street of Tombs, Pompeii" (1860), the "Slave-Market" ( 1888). and the decorative panels of the foyer de la danse of the New Op^ra. The recipient of many medals, be became a member of the Institute in 1882. BOULANGER, Louis (1806-67). A French ]);iiiii('r. liorn at Vorcelli (Piedmont). He was a pupil of Guillon-Lethi&re and Dev^ria. and from 1860 was director of the School of Fine Arts at Dijon. He first attracted attention in 1827 with his "Mazeppa" ( Rouen JIuseum ) . His other works include: "Spanish Mule-Drivers" (1S.33). many excellent water-colors, chiefly in series depicting scenes from Xofre Dame de Paris, Othello, King Lear: "The Triumph of Petrarch" (1836) ; "Mac- beth" (18,59) ; and "Concert in Picardy" (1866). He illustrated many of Hugo's works. BOULAY DE LA METJRTHE, buo'la' de la mert', Antoine, Count (1761-1840). A French statesman, born at Chaumousey in the Vosges, the son of a peasant. He espoused the cause of the Revolution, but held moderate views, and in the Council of Five Hundred opposed both Jacobinism and the despotism of the Directory. Under the Em]iire he took an important part in the preparation of the Code Civil, and after- wards labored with zeal in the administration of the national domains. Napoleon created him Count in 1813. After the Second Restoration he was Ijanished to Nancy, whence the Russians car- ried him off into Germany. He was kept under surveillance at Halberstadt, and then at Frank- fort luitil 1810, when he returned to France and lived in retirement at Paris. His Essai sur les causes qui en 16.'f9 amenerent en Angleterre I'itahlissement de la r^uhlique (1799) had a wide circulation, and considerably infiuenced the French mind in favor of the coup d'etat of the 18th Bnimaire. Of his other numerous political writings the most important is Tableau- politique des rir/nes de Charles II. et de Jacques II. (1888). In conjunction with others he wrotfi liourrienne et ses erreurs voloniaires et invol- ontaircs (1830), valuable regarding the history of Napoleon. His son, Henri BotrLAT de la Meuktiie ( 1797- 1858), born in Paris, took an active part in the Revolution of 1830, but became an opponent of the (lovernment of Louis Philipjje. He devoted great attention to questions of social economy, contributing nuich to promote the establishment of houses of refuge Isallcs d'asilr), the extension of elementary education, and many improvements in the condition of the laboring classes. In the National Assembly of 1848, he associated him- self with the moderate Republicans, and in Jan- uar% 1849, was elected vice-president of the Republic. Nevertheless, he tacitly acquiesced in the coup d'etat of December, 1851, and became a member of the new Senate. BOtJLDER, bol'der. A city and the county- seat of Boidder County, Col., 28 miles north- west of Denver: on the Union Pacific, the Colora- do and Southern, and other railroads (Map: Colorado, El). It has a public library, and is the seat of the State University, established in 1877. and of the Colorado Chautaurpia. There is a public park of 1800 acres, and among other attractions of the vicinity are the famous Boul- der Caiion, and the gold, silver, and telluride mines of Sunshine. Salina, Gold Hill, and .James- town. Boulder is noted as a summer and health resort, medicinal springs being but a few miles distant and the Colorado Sanitarium in the city. It is in an agricultural and stock-raising, as well as a mining region, and has flour-mills, large smelting and sampling works, lumber-mills, etc. Recently, considerable excitement has cen- tred in the discovery of oil, a large number of wells having been drilled within a radius of two miles of the city. Chartered as a city in 1871, Boulder is now governed under a charter of 1882, which provides for a mayor, elected biennially, and a city council. The w.ater-works are owned and oi)erated bv the municipality. Population, in 1890, .3330; "in 1900. 6150. BOULDER (origin obscure, usually com- pared with Sw. biillersteen, a largo rolling .stone, so called from the noise with which it rolls, from bullaa, to thunder, roar), Ekratic. A large mass of rock of rounded form found at a distance from the formation to which it belongs, and lying detached on the surface or imbedded in the su])er- fieial deposits. Boulders originate, chiefly, either in corrosion by torrential waters or in erosion with solution along joint planes of rock, and owe their present distribution to tor- rential waters, glacial ice, and icebergs. Boul- ders often furnish most beautifully preserved fossils, which cannot be collected from the more coherent portions of the parent ledge. From their magnitude and number, they frequently give .a striking expression to the landscape o'if the northern portion of the LTnited States, es- pecially in New England and Wisconsin. One at Nottingham, N. H., is estimated to weigh 6000 tons; another at Whitingham, Vt., weighs about 3000 tons. I^arge blocks of Scandin.avian rock are scattered over the plains of Denmark, Prussia, and Northern Germany. The pedest.al of the statue of Peter the Great, in Saint Petersburg, was hewn out of a large erratic boul- der, 1500 tons in weight, that lay on a marshy plain near that city. See Houluer Clay; Gla- cier; Glacial Period; Geology. BOULDER CLAY. A term applied to a deposit of compact blue or red clay occurring in the glacial drift, and having boulders diflused throughout its mass, with here and there thin lenticular beds of gravel and sand interspersed. It is found in many parts of the Cnited States north of the terminal moraine of the Continental icesheet that existed in early t,)uatcrnarv times. The boulders, which are the most striking fea- ture of this bed, difler in size from small pebbles to masses many tons in weight. They are por- tions of rocks of all ages, more or less worn and often striated. The older rocks, when trans- ported from a distance, are rounded, while tho.se that have been derived from rocks in the neigh- boring districts are more angular. These masses are scattered without order in the clay, the heaviest blocks occurring frequently in the upper portions of the bed. The clay represents rock- flour, produced by the grinding action of glaciers, aided by the harder rock fragments held in the ice. Layers of boulder clav varv in thickness, usually diminishing with {he efevation of the point at which they are founil. See Glacierj Glacial Period; Pleistocene Period.