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* BOUGIVAL. 360 BOUILLON. Seine, 8 miles northwest of Paris. Its Roman- esque church dates from the Twelftli Century. PopuUition, in 1901— of town, 2189; of commune, 2584. BOUGUER, boo'gi', Pierbe (1698-1758). A French mathematician and physicist, the founder of photometry. He was born at Croisic, in Bretagne, and studied in the Jesuit College at Vannes. In 1713 he succeeded his father as professor of liydrography in Croisic, whence he removed to a similar oflice in Havre in 1730. In 1729 he published his Essai d'optiqiie sur la graditation dc la himiere. In 1731 he was made associate geometer of the Academy of Sciences, and was promoted to the oiiice of pen- sioned astronomer in 1735. In that year also he was chosen to proceed, along with Godin, La Condaniine, and .Jussieu, to South America, for the purpose of measuring a degree of the merid- ian at the equator. They had to contend with many difficulties, and were more than seven years away from home, during ^hich time Bouguer made valuable observations on the length of the seconds pendulum at great elevations, the devia- tion of the plumb line from a vertical position through the attraction of neighboring mountains, the line of perpetual snow, etc. He published an account of his labors and those of his colleagues in a magnificent work, entitled Thcorie de la figure de la ierre (Paris. 1749). Bougiier"s in- vestigations concerning the intensity of light laid the foundation of pliotometry: and their result.s. which had been partly exhibited in the optical work already noticed, were more fully em- bodied in his Traite d'optique sur la gradua- tion de la lumicre, which was edited after his death by Lacaille (1760). He is the inventor of the heliometer (q.v.). He published an excellent yourcau iraile de navigation et de •pilotage (1753), and numerous works in the Memoires de VAcademie des Sciences (1726 to 1757). BOXJGTJEREATI, bno'gro'. William Adolphe (1825-1905). A French figure painter. He studied under Picot, took the Prix de Rome in 1850, re- ceived medals of honor in 1878 and 1885, became a member of the Institute in 1876 and grand officer of the Legion of Honor in 1903. A classi- cist in line and contour, he was also influenced by modern realism, especially in rendering flesh. Although his work is very jiopular with the gen- eral public, it is less so with artists and critics, who consider it lacking in sincerity and untrue to nature. The figures are idealized models, and his execution is very smooth and labored. Of his paintings, which are numerous in the museums of France and the United States, the most cele- brated are "The Body of Saint Cecilia Borne to the Catacombs" (1898), "The Birth of Venus" (1879), and "La Vierge Consolatrice" (1877) — all in the Luxembourg. He also ])aintcd mural decorations in Sainte Clotilde and Saint .Angus- tin. Paris, in the Op<''ra at Bordeaux, and else- where. Consult the catalogue of his works by Yendryes (Paris. 1885), and Menard in The Porlfidii) ( l.iindon. 1875). BOTJILL^, boo'yi', Francois Claude Amour, Marquis de (1739-1800). A French general. He was born at the castle of Cluzel, in Auvergne, entered the anny at the age of 14, and sci-ved with distinction" in Germany during the Seven Years' War. He was Governor of Guadeloupe in 1761, and soon after became Governor-General of Martinique and Saint Lucia, and commander-in- chief of the French forces in the West Indies. In the war against England which broke out in 1778 he captured the islands of Dominica, Tobago. Saint Christopher's, Saint Eustatius, Saint Martin, Saba, and Nevis. For this he was rewarded with the rank of lieutenant-general. In 1784 he visited England, and was received with extraordinarv respect on account (if his kindly behavior to his enemies during the war just con- eluded. Louis XVI. nominated him a member of the Assembly of Notables in 1787-88; in 1790 he was made commander-in-chief of the anny of the Meuse, the Saar, and the Moselle. His de- cision of character prevented the dissolution of the ai-my and the outbreak of civil war. He quelled the insurrection of the garrison of Metz and of the three regiments at Nancy. For this he received the thanks of the National .Assembly and of the King. From 1789 to 1791 Bouille was regarded with suspicion by the Revolutionists and rumors were often spread of his joining with the .ustrians to march on Paris. After Louis XVI. 's flight to Varennes, of which he declared himself the instigator, he repaired to Coblenz to the King's brothers, and in 1791 attended the conference at Pilnitz. In the same year he entered the service of Gustavus 111. of Swe- den, and after the assassination of that mon- arch .served in the corps of the Prince of Condf. He rejected an ofl"er, which the French princes made to him in 1793, of the chief command in La Vendee, and went to England, where his advice in West Indian afi'airs was useful to the Government: here he wrote his Memoires sur la rerolution francaise, a useful work, throw- ing much light on the transactions of that time. He died in London. Consult Gabriel. Louis XVI., le marijuis de Bouille et Tarennes (Paris, 1874). BOXJILLIER, boo'ya', Fbancisque (1813 — ). A French philosopher, born in Lyons. He stud- ied at the Normal School, Paris, and in 1839 was appointed professor of philosophy at the Uni- versity of Lyons. From 1849 tii ISlU he was dean of the faculty of Lyons, and from 1867 to 1870 director of the Normal School. His works, the best of which display both a finished st.vle and high scholarship, include Hisloire et critique de la revolution carte.iicnne (1842) : Theorie de la raison impersonnclle (1844); /.u rraie con- science (1882) ; and Souvenirs d'un vieil univer- situire (1897). BOUILLON, boB'yoN' (Med. Lat. Bullonium). An old duchy, included in the Belgian Province of Luxemburg, consisting of a woody and hilly district in the Ardennes, about 157 sipiare miles in extent, with a population of 22,000. This duch,v was the possession of the famous Cru- sader Godfrey de Bouillon (q.v.). who. in order to raise money for his Crusade, pledged it, in 1095, to the Bishop of Li6ge. from wliom it pa.ssed to the Lords of Sedan. In the Sev.nteenth Cen- tun- it became the possession, un.l.i- French suzerainty, of the family of La Tour D'.Vuvergne. In 1793 it became a part of France, .fter the NaiHileonic wars it I)elonged for a time to the King of the Netherlands, and in 1830 it was united with Belgium. The little town of Bouil- lon, above which towers the medi;cval castle of the Dukes of Bouilhm, is situated about 10 miles northeast of Sedan. Consult Ozerfty, Histoirede Bouillon (Luxembourg, 1827).