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* BOUGAINVILLE. 359 BOUGIVAL. Ticonderoga (1758). In the autumn of 1758 he went with Doreil to France to rcnucsl supplies and reinforcements. During the slope of Quebec (1759) he was stationed with 1500 troops at Cap Roujre, there to watch the movements of the English squadron under Admiral Holmes. With the rank of colonel he left the army in 17(i3, entered the navy, and was authorized by the Goveriunent to establisli a French colony in the Falkland Islands ( lies Malouines) . In" 17G0-69 he circumnavigated the globe. Through the scientific and geographical discoveries of this voya^ he won for the nation a glory not unlike that obtained by Cook for England in a similar expedition. When, in 1778, France came to the assistance of the United States in the Revolution- ary War. he was appointed to the command of a ship of the line, took a distinguished part in the battle between De Grasse and Admiral Rod- ney, and rose to the rank of chef d'escadre. He subsequently reentered the army as a brigadier- general, but retired in 1790, and later became a Senator and Count of the Empire. The Journal kept by him during his service in Canada is highly praised by the historian Parkman ; he also wrote Tmiape autour du monde, 2 vols. (1771-72). Consult Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe (Boston, 1884). BOUGH, bou, SAiirEL (1822-78). A Scottish landscape painter, bom in Carlisle. He was en- tirely self-taught. In 1845 he obtained a position as a scene-painter in JIanchester ; but several years later he began to devote himself almost entirely to landscape painting. His most cele- brated picture is "Shipping at Dumbarton." -mong his other productions, nearly all of which are characterized by great breadth, freedom, and boldness of execution, the following are especially noteworthy: ''Canty Bay," "London from Shoot- er's Hill." "Bannockbum and the Carse of Stirling." "Guildford Bridge," "Winton Castle." BOUGHT AND SOLD NOTES. The writ- ten statements of a transaction of purchase and sale, which are delivered to the principals by the broker who conducted it. The copy delivered to the seller is the sold note; that which he de- livers to the buyer is called the bouglit note. In the United States, brokers' bouglit and sold notes have not been a source of much litigation. Their object is to inform the buyer and seller of the fact and of the terms of the contract, and at times also to satisfy the requirements of the Statute of Frauds (q.v.). No particular form of words is necessary to a valid bought or sold note. Perhaps the most complete form of a sold note is the following: "Sold for A B to C D 1000 bushels of Early Rose potatoes, now in A B's cellar, for .$300 cash, to be paid on delivery at C D's warehouse, within one week from date." Dated, and signed by the broker. The bought note would begin. "Bought from A B for C D," but otherwise it would contain the same language as the sold note. For other forms of bought and sold notes, and for the various legal rules deducible from the Englisli decisions relating to them, see Benjamin, Treatise on the Late of Hale of Personal Property (7th American ed., by Bcnnet, Jersey City, 1889), and Campbell, Law Relatinr/ to the Sale of Goods and Commercial Agency (2d ed., London, 1891). BOUGHTON, bji'ton. Geokoe He.nky ( 1834- 1905 J. An English figure painter. He was born near Norwich. His family came to America when he was a child and settled at Albany, where he began to paint. .t twenty he visited London to study for several months. He had a studio in New York from 1858 to 18(il ; then, after a year in Paris, took up his permanent residence in Lon- don. He became a member of the American National Academy of Design in 1871, and of the Royal Academy in 1896, having been an associate since 1879. His work is marked by grace and refinement, by a fine sense of color, and by much sympathy with nature. He may be mentioned as one of the most successful men who came under the influence of that charming painter of idjUic English scenes, Frederick Walker. Among his numerous pictures, which were features of every Academy exhibition for thirty years, may be named "Puritans Going to Church" (18(i7) : ••The Heir-Presumptive" (1873); '-The Edict of William the Testy" (1877, Corcoran Gallery, Washington) ; •"Snow in .Spring" ( 1877) ; '"Hester Prynne." from The Scarlet Letter (1881). He also wrote for the magazines, and illustrated his stories with taste and skill. BOUGIE, boo'zhj', or BOUGIAH, buo-je'a (from tile tribe liujayah or Hejaia). A fortified Jlediterranean seaport on the Bay of Bougie, in the Department of Constantine, Algeria, 112 miles east of Algiers. It has a deep and well- sheltered roadstead, and an inner basin with quayage (Map: Africa, El). It has a trade in grain, wine, oranges, oil, and wax — the last article giving the name of the port to the "bougie' surgical appliance, which was origi- nally made from this local product. The town is built on the slope of Mount Guraya, which rises to a height of 2310 feet. 'The chief buildings are the Abdel-Kader fort, used as a prison, and the French church. Founded by the Carthaginians, it was the Roman Saldee. Gen- seric. King of the Vandals, who for a time made it his capital, built walls around it. In the Tenth Century it was the greatest commercial city of the north African coast, with a popu- lation of 100,000, and in the Twelfth and Thir- teenth centuries Italian merchants had their own warehouses and churches there. After the suc- cessive occupation by Spain and Turkey in the Sixteentli Century, it dwindled into insignifi- cance. Its modem rise dates from the French occupation in 1833. Population, in 1891, 12,381. BOUGIE, boo-zhe' ( Fr., wa.x candle, a bougie ; from the Algerian town Bougie, whence these can- dles were first imported). A solid rod of whale- bone, gutta-percha, woven thread covered with gum elastic or other substances, used for distend- ing contracted mucous canals, as the gullet, bowels, or urethra. (See Stricture.) Similar instruments made of silver, steel, or other metals are called 'sounds.' Bougies vary from a filiform to a half inch in diameter. They are cylindrical, tajjering to a blunt point, or tipped with olive- pointed or conical extremities. The name is also given to rods of gelatin or cocoa butter, im- pregnated with medicine, which are placed in the urethra to be dissolved by degrees, as the heat of the body melts them, thus causing a continuous application of the medicine. Special medicated bougies are also made for the nasal cavity. BOUGIVAL, boo'zh^'vill'. A favorite plea- sure resort of Parisians in the Department of Seine-et-Oise, France, on the left bank of the