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* BOUCICATJLT. 358 BOUGAINVILLE. O'Connor in The Colleen Baicn (1860), Zoe in The Octoroon (1861), and Jane Learoyd in The Long Strike (1866). For a time slie again lived in America, but in her later life was separated from lier husband. BOUDINOT, boo'de-not. Eli.s ( 1740-18-21). An American philanthropist, first president of the American Bible Society, bom in Philadel- phia, Pa. He studied law, was admitted to the Xew Jersey bar. and was in 1777 appointed by Congress Commissary-General of Prisoners. In 1777-79. and again in 1781-84, he was delegate from New Jersey to the Continental Congress, of which he was in 1782 electetl president. In the latter capacity he signed the ratification of the definitive Treaty of Peace with Great Brit- ain. In 1789-0.5 he Avas a member of the First. Second, and Third Congresses of the United States, and from 1795 to 180.5 was Director of the Mint at Philadelphia. He assisted in 1816 in founding the American Bible Society, whose first president he became. He aided also in the education of Indians and deaf-mutes, in the relief of the condition of the poor, and in the ]ireparation of youth for the ministry. His pub- lications include: The Age of Revelation (1790), a reply to Thomas Paine's Age of Reason, and Star in the West: or. An Attempt to Discover the Long-lost Tribes of Israel (1816"), in which, with an extensive array of evidence, he sup- ports the theory of James Adair, that the Xorth American Indians are the lost tribes in question. Consult Boudinot, Life of Elias Boi/dijiof ( 1896) . BOUDINOT. Elias ( ? -1839). The name taken, with Dr. Boudinofs permission, by a Cherokee Indian in the missionary school at Corn- wall. Conn., where he married a white lady of the village. An Address to the Whites on liehalf of his nation, delivered May 25, 1825, in Phila- delphia, was published in 1826. He edited the Cherokee Phoenix (1828-34), and was a man of talent and influence in his nation. Being, with others, persuaded to make a treaty with the I'nited States in December, 1835. for the ex- patriation of the Cherokees, he was accused of having sold his country, and was killed by the John Ross party, June 10. west of the >Iissis- sippi. His son. Elias Cornelius Boidinot (1835-90). was educated in Xew England and be- came a well-known lawyer, a lieutenant-colonel in the Confederate Army, and a delegate from his nation to the Second and Third Confederate Con- gresses. BOUFFARIK, bou'fa-rek' (the "Hanging Weir). A town in the Department of Algiers, Algeria. 21 miles southwest of Algiers by rail. Originally called Medina Clausel. after Marshal Clausel, who platted the town on the site of an intrenched camp of 1835. it has a thoroughly French aspect. It is the centre of a rich agri- cultural district, is an important market-town, and has manufactures of cotton goods and per- fumes. Population, in 1901, of town, 5243: of commune. !i2><t. BOUFFLERS. boo'fiar', Lons Fr.^xcois, Duke de (1644-1711). A marshal of France. He was descended from one of the oldest noble families of Picardy. He began his military career as a lieutenant, and rose very rapidly in rank. Under the great Condc. Turenne. Crequi. Luxembourg, and Catinat. he fought with dis- tinction in Germanv, the Netherlands, and on the Spanish frontiers. His defenses of Namur in 1695 and of Lille in 1708 are famous. The siege of the former place, conducted by Wil- liam 111., cost the Allies more than 20.000 men: and although Louis XIV. sent to Boufflers an order written by his own hand for the surrender of the place, he did not surrender it until all the means of defense were exhausted. After the de- feat of Malplaquet (September 11. 1709). due to the incapacity of the French commander-in- chief, Marshal Villars, he led the French Army so admirably that the retreat seemed rather a triumph than the result of a lost battle. He was a man of highly honorable and upright character. Consult La Kue. Oraison funibre (Paris, 1712). BOUFFLERS. Staxislas, Marquis de ( 1738- 1815!. A French wit and author, commonly styled the Chevalier de Boufflers. He was born in Nancy and trained for the Church; but. dissatis- fied with the clerical profession, the young abb6 entered the military service of France, and was made Governor of Senegal in 1785. He was a member of the Constituent Assembly in 1789. He emigrated in 1792, and was well received at the Court of Frederick William II. of Prussia. Returning to France in 1800, he resumed his old place of Academician, and continued a devoted adherent of light literature till his death, in Jan- uary, 1815. Boufflers was celebrated in his day as a master of that delicate, charming, and meaningless verse which every gentleman in France and England deemed it necessary to be able to write at that time. He was a brilliant conversationalist, and a tine wit: a friend of Voltaire's, a romancer, and a dehaiiche after a gentlemanly fashion. The monument on his grave bears the following inscription, dictated by himself: Mes amis, croyez que je dors (My friends, believe that I sleep). His best-known work is the story Aline, reine de Golconde. A collection of his works was published after his death (8 vols.. Paris. 1815). Consult: Uzanne, Vofice sur la vie de Boufflers (Paris. 1886); and his Lettres de Boufflers, published in Paris in 1875. BOUGAINVILLE, boo'gn.x'v^l' (after the navigator Bougainville). The largest of the Solomon Islands (q.v. ) under German control in the Pacific, situated in about latitude 6° S. and longitude 155° E. (Map: Australasia. H3). Area. 3000 square miles. It is well wooded and densely populated. It contains two active volca- noes. Mount Balbi rising to over 10.000 feet above the sea. Bougainville Strait separates it from Choiseul Island on the southeast. The name Bougainville is also applied to a strait in the New Hebrides group between the island of Marina and Mallicolo. a cape on the northwest coast of .Australia, and a cape on the south coast of New Ireland. BOUGAINVILLE, Louis Axtoi.ne i>e ( 1729- 1811). A French soldier and navigator, born in Paris. He studied law. was admitted as an advocate before the Parlement, and published a Traits du calcul integral (2 vols.. 1754-56). Having subsequently entered the army, he was in 1756 appointed aide-de-camp to the Marquis de Montcalm in Canada. He presentetl the terms of capitulation at the fall of Oswego (1756), was dispatched to Montreal with news of the victory at Fort William Henr>- (1758), and was slightly wounded at the capture of