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* BOTTS. 356 BOUCHER. as an advocate of a protective tariff, of a na- tional bank, and of the repeal of the caj; rules (q.v.). Wlien President Tyler left the jiarty that elected him. Botts separated from and antag- onized him, although a warm personal friend. He opposed secession, and was faithful to the Union tlirough the Civil Var. He published The Gnat Uchcllion : Its Secret Histonj (New York, isciii. BOTURINI BENADUCI, bo'too-re'ne ba'na- doo'che, LonE.NZo (c.1702- ? ). An Italian his- torian, and one of the first great collectors of American antiquities. He went to ^Mexico in 1736. and gathei-ed a very large collection of aboriginal writings and other records, which eventually passed into the archives of the ]Mexi- can Government, where most of them were lost or destroyed. Boturini returned to Spain, and was appointed historiographer for the Indies in 174.5. He included a valuable catalogue of his collections in his only publislied work. Idea de •H)i« nut ra lns:fnria de America (1746). BOTZARIS, bo-tsil'res, ]Iarco. See Bozzabis, Marco. BOUAYANAN, bo'wa-ya-nan'. A wild Ma- lay people, inhabiting the central Palawan Is- lands. See Philippines. BOTJCHAIN, boo'shax' (anciently Lat. Luc- ciniuin: the lirst part of the name was probably taken from Baudouin, or Baldwin, IV., who for- tified the town). A fortified town in the De- partment of Xord, France, 12 miles southeast of Douai, situated on an eminence about 300 feet above the sea-level (Map: France, K 1). By two sluices the adjacent land may be laid under water in time of war. There are beet-root sugar refineries, dye-works, and tanyards at Bouchain, which has also a considerable trade in cattle. Population, in 1806, 1527. BOtrCHARD, boo'shiir', Chables Jacql-es (1837 — I. A French physician, born in Mon- tieren-Der (Haute-Mame). He was educated in Lyons, and subsequently went to Paris, where he was appointed professor of pathology in 1879. He was one of the physicians sent to the International Congress of the Medical Sciences, held in Berlin, in August. 1890. and took a prominent part in the deliberations of that body. Among his principal works may be men- tioned; Dcs Degenerations secondaires de la moelle epinierc (1860) ; Sur quelques points de la pathogenic des hemorrhagics cerehrales (1867): Dc la pathogcnie des hemorrhagies (18691. BOXJCHARDON. boo'shiir'dox', EoME (1698- 1762). . French sculptor, born in Chaumont (Haute-Mame). He was a pu])il of Coustou the younger, and afterwards studied in Rome, where he executed a bust of Pope Clement XTI., and a copy (Munich Gallery) of the "Barberini Faun." His most celebrated works were the "Fountain of Grenelle" (Paris) and the eques- trian statie of Louis XV. (Tuileries Garden), destroyed in 1792. BOUCHER, buH'shii', Alfred (1850—). A French sculptor, born in Bouy-sur-Orvin. He was a pupil of Duniont and Paul Dubois, and re- reived twice in succession the Grand Prix de Kome (1876 and 1878); but the -Vcademy an- nulled one of the decisions. In 1880 the Gov- ernment bought his two statues, "Venus As- tart^" and "Au but" ("At the End"), now in the Gardens of the Luxembourg. The decision and force of Boucher's work make him an artist to be remembered. Among his Ix'st statues are; "Eve aprfs sa faute." 1878 ("Eve after the Fall") : "La terre" ("The Earth") : "Aux champs," 1897 ("In the Fields") ; and "A Sleep- ing Woman," in the Lu.xembourg Museum. BOUCHER, FRAxrois (1703-70). A French I'aintcr, burn in Paris. He was a pupil of Le- nioine, but formed his style rather after the model of Watteau ; wont to Rome in 1725, and after his return speedily won a great reputa- tion. He became a member of the Academy in 1734, and its director in 1765, when he was also appointed first painter to the King. He was an artist of prodigious facility and inde- fatigable industry ; was endowed with a brilliant imagination, and painted everything, from reli- gious subjects and mythological and pastoral scenes to still life, from portraits, landscapes, and animals to decorations for the opera. His works are the true mirror of his time, when libertinism reigned supreme, and voluptuous- ness was the keynote of the Court and aristo- cratic society. Pastoral scenes were his favorite subjects, painted with a spirited touch and a freshness and transparency of color resembling that of Rubens, but all pervaded by that atmos- phere of sensuality which emanated from the boudoirs of Madame de Pompadour and ]Iadanie du Barry. His figures of children alone con- eyed a sense of purity. To the end of his days he was celebrated as the "Painter of the Graces." and also styled the '. acreon of Painting.' He was in high favor with Madame de Pompadour, whose portrait he painted, and who engraved some of his works. Among his numerous pro- ductions may be mentioned: "Rinaldo and Ar- niida." "Diana Leaving the Bath," "Venus De- manding of Vulcan Arms for .Eneas," ".Jupiter and Callisto." "Rape of Europa," all in the Louvre ; "Leda and the Swan," "Triumph of Galatea," "Toilet of Venus." in the Stockholm Museimi. Among his portraits, that of Madame de Pompadour is the most famous. BOUCHER, bou'cher, Jonathan (1738-1804). A British-American clergyman, prominent as a Loj'alist at tlic time of the Revolutionary War. He was born in BIciicogo. Knghind ; emigrated to America in 1759; conducted a boarding-school in Virginia; was ordained a priest in 1762, and was a rector in Virginia and ^Maryland until 1775. He was then driven from his pulpit on account of his opposition to the principles of the Revohition, and returned to England, where from 1776 until his death he was Vicar of Epsom. He wrote many essays and papers on political and theological subjects, but is chiefly remembered for his View of the Causes and Consequences of the American Revolution (1797) — a collection of fiftwn discourses deliv- ered in Virginia and Maryland between the years 1763 and 1775. Of this book Professor Tyler has said: "Nowhere else, probably, can be found so comprehensive, so able, and so au- thentic a presentation of the deeper principles and motives of the .American Loyalists, par- ticularly from the standpoint of a Higli-Church clergyman of great purity and steadfastness of character, of great moral courage, of great learning, finally of great love for the country