Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/405

* BOTTLING. 855 BOTTS. posite beverages may be mixed during the bot- tling process. Thus the syrup for flavored soda- water is admitted to the bottle from one recep- tacle and the carbonated water added from the pressure-tank. After the bottles are filled, with the exception of the siphon bottles just described, they must be closed in some maimer. The most common method is to cork them. Besides ordinary soak- ing and rinsing in pails or tanks of water, the corks may be placed in revolving driuns and cleansed by either the wet or the dry process. In the latter process, the corks roll about in "rum- biers' and rub against each other for hours imtil the loose fragments and the edges that might easily chip otT. together with much dust, are all removed by attrition and shaking. The corks are then thoroughly soaked and rinsed. The essential feature of corking-machines is a compressor, which shapes the cylindrical corks used in power-corkers, and a plunger-rod. which forces each cork home into the neck of the bottle. The machine may be driven by hand, foot, or other power. The self-feeding machines may be operated at the rate of 2000 bottles per hour. Bottle-wiring machines secure the wire around the corks and necks of bottles at the rate of from several hundred to 1000 per hour, accord- ing to the dexterity of the operator. Bottle- labeling machines affix labels in place, and in some cases date them, at the rate of 10,000 to 12.000 bottles per day. In some machines the bottle is stationary and the label is picked up and pressed against the bottle; in others, a plunger forces the bottle against the label. The corks and bottle-necks are covered, chiefly for decoration, with tinfoil by hand, or caps by ma- chine. Branding-machines to burn the brand into the corks consist of a heated die or stamp forced home liy a lever or other pressure. Be- sides the well-known corks composed of the material of that name (see Cork), there are a great variety of other stoppers. Permanent stop- pers are attached to the bottle by means of wires. They often consist of a metal cap, beneath which is a rubber cork or plug. The wiring may be so hinged and bent a.s to give a leverage to force the cork tightly into the bottle and hold it securely in place. When the chief function of stoppers is to cover a bottle for a brief period, pasteboard di.sks are sometimes used. They are particularly well adapted to the wide-tnouthed bottles in which milk is delivered for final consumption. Millions of these are now made from wood pulp. See P.i.PER. BOTTOM (.S. hotm, Ger. Bodcn. hat. fun- dux, ground, bottom). A term used to designate either the whole ship itself, or that part of it which is under water when laden. Commodi- ties are often said to be imjjorted 'in foreign bot- toms,' or in 'American bottoms'; in which cases the phrase is applied to the whole ship. A 'full ship,' or a "full bottom.' denotes such a form given to the lower half of the hull as to allow the stowage of a large amount of merchandise. A 'sharp ship,' or a 'sharp bottom,' implies a capacity for speed. BOTTOM HEAT. The heat communicated to certain soils from below, either by the fer- mentation of fresh stable manure, tan-bark, leaves, etc.. buried for the purpose, or by steam- pipes, flues, or other like arrangements. It is (me of the most important agents used in forcing- houses and hotbeds in the artificial cultivation of vegetables, flowers, or fruits. BOTTOM, XlCK. In Shakespeare's Midsum- mer Wight's Dream, an ignorant and conceited weaver. In the play of "Pyramus and Thisbe," he takes the role of Pyramus. Puck gives him an ass's head, and Titania is compelled by the fairy king to be enamored of him. BOTTOMRY BOND or CONTRACT (for derivation, see bottom) . An agreement for a defi- nite period of time or for a voyage by the owner or master of a ship, pledging the ship or the ship and its freight or cargo as security for the repayment of money lent for the use of the ship. It is so called because a ship's bottom or keel is figuratively used to express the whole of it. hen the cargo alone is pledged for its safe ar- rival, the agreement is strictly called a respon- dentia bond (q.v.). The loan is made upon a maritime risk, i.e. upon the condition that the loan or debit, together with the stipulated inter- est, is repayable only on the safe termination of the voyage ; otherwise the lender loses his debt. In consideration of the hazard, he may exact any rate of interest, not grossly extortionate, which the nature of the adventure may justify. The agreement is usually in the form of a bond, and must set forth all the necessary terms, especially the maritime risk. The owner may hypothecate the vessel or its freight, and execute a bottomry bond at any time and for any purpose ; but the master can do so only under stress of necessity in a foreign port, destitute of funds and unable to communicate with, or to receive instruction from, the owners. Contrary to the rule of ordinary mortgages, preference among bottomry bonds is not had according to order of date, but inversely, the latest having ]>riority, on the theory that the last loan saved the 'ship. The United States statute which provides for the recording, in the office of the collector of customs of the port, of registry or enrollment, bills of sale, mortgages, hypothecations, and conveyance of vessels, under penalty of their being otherwise invalid as against others than parties having actual notice, and the grantor or mortgagor, his heirs and devisees, ex])ressly except the lien of a bottomry bond from the operation where such lien has been created by loan of money or materials necessary to repair the vessel or to enable her to prosecute the voyage, so that the lien does not lose its priority and is not affected in any way by the requirements of the act. A bottomry bond is, however, subordinate to the lien of the seamen for wages, even though in some cases given after the wages were earned, and to liens for repairs or supplies indispensable for the safety of the ship. Where the holder is com- pelled to satisfy a lien for wages, it seems that he is entitled to coni]iensation from the owners, and has a lien upon the proceeds of the ship for reimbiirscnient. See .XnMIRAI.TY LAW; MaRI- ti.mi;Law; an<llhe authorities there referred to. BOT'TONY. Sec BoTOxfi. BOTTS, .ToiiN Minor (1802-G9). . .Ameri- can lawyer and politician, born in Virginia. He served several terms in the Virginia Legis- lature after lS;!:i, and in 18.39 was chosen to Congress, where he served three terms (1839- 43 and 1847-49), and where he was conspicuous