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* BOTTA. 349 BOTTESINI. of tlip Piedmontesc Consult;!, and later, after the uni(in uf Piedmont with France, was a de]nity to the Corps Legislatif, an olliee that he filled until the return of the Bourbons to power, despite the offense that he gave to Xapoleon by designating his government as a despotism. In 1831 he was allowed to return to his native oountry. and was pensioned by Charles Albeit. He died in L'aris, August 10. 1837. His earliest volumes (Italian and French) are: Storia natuialc e mcdicti deW isohi di Corfu (1797); Souienirs d'un vo;/age en Dalmatie (1802); PrMs historigue de la ilaison de Savoie (1803); and Storia della giierra dcW indipendenza degll Stati Vniti d' Amtiica (1809). This work was originally sug- gested to Botta in the course of a conversation with ilanzoni's mother in Paris. It was received with great favor when first pul)Iished, and was speedily translated into French and English. Even recently it has been pronounced by an Eng- lish critic the best history of the subject written outside the United States. Botta's great work, however, is his Storia d'ltalia dnl 17S9 al ISlJf (1824), which received the quinquennial prize of 1000 Tuscan dollars from the Aceademia della Crusca at Florence, and in a short time ran through fourteen editions. Later it was included in a Storin d'ltalia, in 20 volumes, consisting of tiuicciardini's work (1490-1.534) and Botta's continuation of it (153.5-1789). Botta's style is marked by dignity, which at times is almost severe, and by a pervading consciousness of an historian's responsibility. For his biography, consult: Dionisiotti (Turin, 1867); Pavesio (Florence, 1874); Scipione Botta (Florence, 1S77). BOTTA, PAtx Emile (1802-70). A French archieologist and traveler. He was born in Turin, the son of Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo Botta. ^"hile still young he undertook a voyage round the world, and remained some time on the west coasts of America, where he zealously collected treasures of natural history. In the year 1830 he went to Egypt, where he entered the service of ileheniet Ali as physician, and in this capacity accompanied the Egyptian expedi- tion to Sennar. Here he formed a very con- siderable zoological collection, with which he returned to Cairo in 1833. The French Govern- ment now appointed him consul in Alexandria, from whence he undertook a journey to Arabia, the results of which he published in a work en- titled Itelatioo d'un voyage dans I'Y^men, entre- pris 78.(7, pour le museum d'histoire naturclle de Paris (1841). At the suggestion of the Orientalist .Julius Mohl, of Paris, he was by the Government sent as consular agent to Mosul, and at this place he connnenced a series of discover- ies which form an epoch in arch.-pological science. Early in the spring of 1843 he began his diggings in the heaps of ruins at Khorsabad, near the Tigris, for monuments of Assyrian antiquity. These excavations revealed much valuable archa'o- logical material, including the ruins of the pal- ace of Sargon, King of Assyria (n.c. 722-705). The Journal Asialirjue soon contained accounts of the success with which his enterprise and per- severance were rewarded, and also disquisitions on the extremely difTicult subject of the cuneiform writings of the Assj-rians. which afterwards ap- peared as a separate publication under the title Mi'moires de I'irriturc eunciforme assyrienne (1848). The French Government took up the matter warmly; Flandin, a practiced draughts- man, was sent out for the purpose of making sketches on the spot of the sculptures on ala- baster, so apt to fall to pieces; and a commis- sion of learned men was appointed for the purpose of conducting the publication of a mag- nificent archaeological work, which shortly after- wards appeared under the special superintendence of Botta himself, with the title Monuments de Xinire dccoucerts et dc'crits par Botta mesur^s el dcssincs par Flandin (1847-50). In 1848 he published the Inscriptions dccouverlcs A Khor- sabad. In 184(5 Botta was appointed consul at .Jerusalem, and in 1857 at Tripoli. He returned to France in 1868, and died at Ach&res. near Poi~-;y. See Assyria. BOTTA, ViKCENZo (1818-94). An Italian- American educator. He was born in Piedmont, Italy, was educated at the University of Turin, be- came a professor there, was elected to the Sardin- ian Parliament in 1849, and was appointed com- missioner to examine the German educational system in 1850. He came to the United States for the same purpose in 1853. and soon afterwards was naturalized and appointed professor of Ital- ian language and literature in the University of the City of Xew York. He remained in this posi- tion till his death. In 1855 he married Anne Charlotte LjTich, a well-known author. His best- known works are: Aecount of the System of Edu- cation in Piedmont; Character and Policy of Ca- rour (1862) ; Dante as a Philosopher. Patriot, and Poet ( 1865) ; and "An Historical Aecount of Modern Philosophy in Italy," in Ueberweg's History of Philosophy from Thales to the Present Time (1872). BOTTALLA, bot-till'la, P.OLO (1823—). An Italian historian. He was bom in Palermo, Sicily, and was educated at the Jesuit colleges in his native city and in Rome. He subsequent- ly held successive professorships in Church history and theology in Palermo, in Rome, at the College of Saint Bruno, Wales, and in Poitiers. He writes in the Italian. French, and English languages, among his works being the following: Corso di storia e di geografJa uni- rersale (Palermo, 1860); L'Autorita infallibile del Papa nella Chiesa e le sue rclazioni eollo stato (1880) : The Papacy and Schism (1869) ; The Pope and the Church Considered in Their Mutual Relations, etc. (1868); Pope Honorius Before the Tribunal of Reason and Historii (1868). BOTTAKI, bot-tii're, GIOVANNI Gaetano (1689-1775). A learned Italian prelate, born in Florence. He studied ancient literature and elo- quence under Biscioni. and subsequently applied himself to mathematics, philosophy, and theology. He soon ol)tained a great reputation for the deli- cacy of his style. The Aceademia della Crusca intrusted him with the care of a new impression of its famous dictionary. Clement XI 1. appointed him librarian of the V^vtican. The works of which Bottari was either the author or editor are very numerous. The iirincipal are his edition of Vergil from the Vatican manuscript: his elab- orate treatises on the cat-U(mibs of Rome and on the Vatican; his Del llusco Capitolino. and his dissertations on Dante, Boccaccio, and Livy. BOTTESINI, bot'tc-ze'nA, Giovanni (1823- 80). An Kalian musician and composer; bom at Crema, i^ombardy, December 24, 1823. He