Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/393

* BOTHNIA. 347 BO-TREE. BOTH'NIA. The name formerlv given to the tf.nitory on lioth sides of the Gulf of Bothnia (q.v. ). The eastern portion is now comprised in Finhind and the western behmgs to Sweden. BOTHNIA, GuiJ- of (Med. Lat., for Scand. botteii. hike, sea). The part of the Baltic Sea lying to the north of the island of .4Iand, having on its eastern shore Finland, on the west- ern, Sweden. Its greatest length is about 400 miles, and its average breadth 120 miles. At its narrowest point, the Strait of Qvarken (46 miles wide), the gulf is divided into two parts, the northern. which is more shallow and nar- row, and the southern. Its depth varies from 20 to 50 fathoms, but both along its shores and in the middle are many small islands, sand- banks, rocks, and clitls. called skacrs, which ren- der the navigation difficult, though on the whole it is less dangerous than other parts of the Bal- tic, and has many good harbors. The rivers which fall into this gulf, both from Sweden and Finland, are numerous, and the waters of the gulf itself are but slightly salt. In winter it is usually frozen so hard that the journey from Sweden to Finland can be made on sledges. The shores of the gulf are gradually rising, causing increasing shallowness of its ports, some of which have become inland towns. The rise of the bottom is estimated at nearly 5 feet per century. BOTHWELL, both'wel. A village in Lanark- shire. Scotland, on the right bank of the Clyde, 8 miles east-southeast of Glasgow (Jlap: Scot- land, D 4 ). The river is here crossed b_v the celebrated BothweU Brig, the scene of the bloody encounter between the Covenanters and the Royalists under Monmouth on June 22, 1G79, when the former were defeated. Xear the village are the magnificent Xorman ruins of Bothwell Castle, to which the Earl of Bothwell carried Mary. Queen of Scots. Population, in 1900, 2500'. Consult Duncan, "Bothwell Castle," in Archwological Journal, Vol. XLV. (London, 1880 I . BOTHWELL, James Hepburn, fourth Earl of (?1.53C-7S). A Scottish nobleman, husband of Marj". Queen of Scots. He was born probably in 1.530 or 1.5-'57, and was brovight up and edu- cated by his granduncle, Patrick Hepburn, Bishop of Moray, at Sp^Tiie Castle. He was reputed a good scholar. His character, however, was vicious and unruly. On his father's death in 1556, as Earl of Bothwell and one of the most powerful nobles in Scotland, he proved himself an irreconcilable enemy of the English. At first he opposed the Reformation party, but on their accession to power changed his politics, and in 1561 formed one of the deputation of lords sent to convey the youthful (Jueen of Scotland to her kingdom. He was shortly after made .a privy councilor: but his violence and misconduct be- came intolerable, and he was ordered to quit Edinl)urgh. In March, 15C2, he and the Earl of Arran were committed to the castle for conspir- ing to seize the Queen's person. Bothwell made his escape, was recaptured at Holy Island, again got free, and sailed to France. He speedily re- turned, but, finding Moray close on his trail, em- barked for the Continent. Not appearing at his trial, he was outlawed. In 1565, after the Queen's marriage with Darnley, he rcapiwared, Vol. III.— 23. and. having strongly espoused her cause against Jloray and his party, was restored to favor and high inlluence. In October, 156C, while i)erform- ing a judicial tour in Liddcsdale, he was attacked by an outlaw and wounded, and the Queen mani- fested her interest in his danger by riding 20 miles and back to see him, a journey which brought on a dangerous fever. At Craigmillar, some time after, Bothwell attempted, unsuccess- fully, to overrule her olijections to a divorce from Darnley. A more thorough method presented itself to him, and on the night of February n, 1567, Darnley was blown up at the Kirk of Field. Pulilic opinion charged Bothwell with the murder, and he was formally indicted, March 28. He came to the trial attended by 4000 followers and received an easy acquittal. Two days after he carried the sword of State before the Queen at the opening of Parliament, and at its close all his lands and offices were confirmed to him. The leading nobles signed a bond approving of Both- well's acquittal, and, commending him as a fit husband to the Queen, pledged themselves to stand by him. On April 24 Bothwell, accom- panied by a strong force, carried off the Queen to Dunbar Castle; on Jlay 6 he was divorced from his wife, and on the "loth his marriage with Mary was solenmized at Holyrood. He had pre- viously been created Duke of Orkney. His tri- umphWas short; the wrath of the nation was roused; at the end of one month Mary was a prisoner in Edinburgh, and Bothwell, pursued in his voyage to the Orkneys, where he had collected a small navy and turned pirate, fled to Norway, whence he was sent under arrest to Denmark, and there imprisoned for the rest of his life. The confinement drove him insane, and he died at Dragsholm Castle in 1578, leaving no heirs. His titles and estates were forfeited to the Crown. Consult: Schicm. Life of Bothuell (Edinburgh, 1880) : Ellis. Later Years of James Hepburn (1861): Burton. History of Scotland (Edin- burgh, 1873. BOTOCUDO, bo'tS-koo'do (Portug. hotoque, plug: see below), or Aimob£. A Tapuyan tribe living in the Sierra dos Aimores and on Doce and Pardo rivers, in Jlinas Geraes, in southeastern Brazil. Like all the tribes of that stock, they are undersized, their features are repulsive, and their grade of intellect is very low. Until brought under subjection by the Government, they were naked cannibals. The name Botocudo. 'Ijarrel-bung,' was given them by the Portuguese in allusion to large wooden la- brets and ear-blocks with which thej- disfigure their ugly ((unUeiuinces. See Tapuya. BOT'ONE, or BOT'TONY (OF. 6o/onn^, from l)Oton, Fr. houton, button). In heraldry, a cross botonO is a cross of which the ends are in the form of buds or buttons. BOTOSHANI, bo'to-shd'ni-. A tovn of Ru- mania, in Jloldavia, situated 00 miles northwest of Jassy, on a branch line of the Lemberg-Czer- nowitz-Jassy Railway (Map: Turkey in Eu- rope, F 1 ) . It is irregularly built and contains a lyceum and a theatre. It carries on a con- siderable trade in cattle, grain, and wood. Popu- lation, in 1899, ,32,193, of whom one-half were Jews. BO-TREE. The name given to the sacred fig-tree, I'icus rclii/insa, or pipal (see Peepul). under which the Buddha, Prince Siddhfirtha, sat