Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/370

* BOSCOVICH. 330 BOSNIA. %vas appointed teacher of mathematics and phi- losophy in the Roman College there. In 1758 he published his famous work, Tlworiu Philosophice Xaturalis Redncia ad Unicain Let/cm Virium in yatufti E.vist€titiuiii, in which he advanced a molecular theory of matter, maintaining that substances consist of a sjstem of material points which attract or repel each other, according to the distance between them. In 17G4 he was ap- pointed to a professorship at Pavia. After the suppression of the Jesuit Order, he went to Paris in 1774. and received a pension from the King. In 1783 he went to 15assano. to superintend an edition of his works, on the completion of which he returned to Jlilan. but fell into a depression of spirits which at last giew into complete insan- ity. His works, which were the first to advocate in Italy the theories of Newton, include dis- sertations on a great variety of important ques- tions in mathematical and physical science, and were publislied collectivelj" under the title. Opera I'ertinenlia ad Opticam et Astronomiam (5 vols., 1785). BOSE, bo'ze, Julius, Count (1809-94). A I'russian general, born at Sangerhausen. In ISOl lie entered the Ministry of War, where he was active in the reorganization of the army. During the War of 18ti0 he conducted the celebrated niglit attack on Podol, which resulted in the retreat of the Austrian bri- gade. He was couunander of the Eleventh Armj' Corps in the Franco-Prussian War, but, in consequence of severe wounds received at the battle of Worth (August (i, 1870), he was prevented from further participation in that campaign. BOSIO, btyze-A. Fr. coi.s Joseph, Baron (1709-1845). A French sculptor. He was born at Monaco, March 19, 1769, and brought as a boy to Paris, where he studied under Pajou. Then he spent seventeen years in Italy, as an entliusi- astic student of the antique. Returning to Paris in 1808, lie found a patron in Xapoleon, wlio was disposed to encourage sculpture rather than painting. Of him and of his familj'. Bosio made many busts, as well as a statue of the Emperor for the Boulogne column and one of the King of Rome. Court favor was continued to liim after the Restoration : be became sculptor to the King, and Charles X. made him a baron. His mytho- logical works, such as the "Aristaeus" (1812), "Hyacinthus" ( 1S17), and "Salmacis" ( 1831 ) , all in the Loure. are characterized by beauty aiul smoothness without raucli truth to nature. His portraits are usually more realistic. Among his htrger works were the equestrian statue of Louis XIV. for the Place des Victoires and the bronze quadriga of the Arc du Carrou.sel. Con- sult a study of him by L. de Lomenie (Paris, 1844). BOSNA-SERAI, bSs'ni-sft-rl'. See Sera- j):vo. BOSNIA, bSz'nt-A (from the river Bosiia, an aflluent of the Save). Previous to 1878 thenorth- westernmost portion of the Turkish Empire, now (together with Herzegovina) virtually a province of Austria-Hungary. Bosnia (with Herzegovina) is bounded by Croatia and Slavonia on the north and west: Servia, the Turkish district of Novi- bazar (occupied by Austro-Hungarian forces), and Montenegro on the east; and Djilmatia on the southwest (Map: Austria-Hungary, E 4). Its area, including Herzegovina, is about 19.700 square miles ; exclusive of Herzegovina, about l(i,170 square miles. The surface of Bosnia is exceedingly mountainous, a large portion being covered by the numerous offshoots of the Dinaric Alps. The higiiest summit rises nearly 8000 feet above sea-level. The northern chains are generally well wooded, and inclose fertile val- leys, while the mountain regions of the south are mostly rocky and barren. On the nortli- ern frontier the country inclines toward the Save. The cliief rivers are the Save, which forms most of the northern boundary, and the Drina, which separates Bosnia from Servia. The southern part is watered chiefly by the Xarenta. There are, besides, several minor .streams, such as the Vrbas, the Bosna, and a few others. The climate is generally healthy, but exceedingly vari- able. The average annual temperature at Sera- jevo is over 48°, but the mercury falls in the winter as low as — 2°, while in the summer it rises occasionally to 95°. Bosnia is principally an agricultural country, agriculture engaging nearly 90 per cent, of the population. The meth- ods employed are of a ])riinitive character, and extensive areas of fruitful land remain unculti- vated. The chief European cereals are raised, and much attention is paid to the cultivation of fruits, especially plums, of which great quanti- ties are exported in a dry state. Tobacco is an important product, the annual crop amount- ing to over 3000 tons. Sugarbcetsarealsogrown, and silk-culture has been introduced. The Aus- tro-Hungarian Government has recently taken steps toward furthering the agricultural inter- ests of Bosnia by establishing several agricul- tural experiment stations and model farms. Sheep and goats are raised extensively, while horned cattle and horses receive less attention. The mountains of Bosnia are rich in minerals, some of which Aere worked in the days of the Romans. The mineral industry is chiefly in the hands of the Government. The chief mineral prod- ucts are iron, copper, manganese, quicksilver, coal, and salt. The manufacturing industries are also in a backward state, and are confined chiefly to the production of coarse metal articles and some textiles for the home marfcet. There are several extensive State tobacco factories. The exports consist mainly of cereals, fruit, animals, and ani- mal products. Since the Austro-Hungarian occu- pation the transportation facilities of Bosnia hftve been eoiisi<lerably extended and improved. In 1901 there were over (JOO miles of railway lines, extending from Serajevo to all parts of the province. The highways and telegraph lines have also increased in length. The social and economic condition of Bosnia presents strange contrasts in the intermingling of institutions and customs h;inded down from the jjast with the innovations that reflect the spirit of modern progress. In accordance with the agreement of 1S78. the supreme control of the province is nominally vested in the hands of the Sultan of Turkey, but the immediate administration is directed liy the Bosnian Bureau, under the supervision of the Jlinister of Finance of Austria-Hungary. The provincial government is divide<I into the four departments of internal aft'airs, finance, justice, and public works. For administrative purposes Bosnia is divided into 5 districts and 43 counties, administered by separate otiicials. with theassist- anee of representative councils. The annual bud-