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* BOSC. 329 BOSCOVICH. Zoalogical Garden. He was the author of Bis- toire natureUe des coquilles (1801); Histoire nalurelle des vers ct des erustaeccs : Xouvcau dic- iionnuire d'histoirc iiaturcllc (1803); Diction- naire raisonni et iinivcrscl d'agrieulture (5 vols., 1801) ; and published the Mcmoircs of his adopt- ed daughter, Madame Roland, the Girondist (Paris, iSSG). BOSCAN-ALMOGAVER, b6-skiin' Ul'mA-ga- v:"ir', .Jlan (C.1493-C.1542) . A Spanish poet, He was born in Barcelona, of an old patrician family, served for a time in the army of Ferdi- nand the Catholic, and in 1519 went to Granada, the Court of Charles V., becoming soon after tutor to the Duke of Alva. His later years were passed in Barcelona, and he died near Perpignan, in 1.542, while visiting his former pupil. Bos- can's earlier verse was all cast in the old Castil- ian measures. It was not until 1526 that the idea of experimenting with Italian metres was sug- gested to liim by a certain Andrea Navagero, a learned Italian who was then Ambassador of Venice at the Court of Charles V. He forth- with began to experiment with sonnets and caneiones, blank verse, and the octave stanza, and has naively recorded his satisfaction with the result. The innovation was adopted and still more successfully popularized by his friend and disciple, Garcilaso de la Vega (q.v.), and thus he became the founder of a new school of Spanish poetry. He is also remembered as the translator of Castiglione's famous manual for courtiers. II cortegiano. Boscan's poems were published after his death by his widow, together with some of Gareilaso's. in 1543. The latest edition, includ- ing a biographical sketch, is that of V. T. Knapp (Madrid, 1875). BOS'CAWEN, EDW.4RD (1711-61). An Eng- lish admiral, popularly known as 'Old Dread- nought.' He was born August 19, 1711, and was the second son of Viscount Falmouth. He en- tered the navy in his fifteenth year, passed his examination for lieutenant in 1732, and in 1738 received a command. He won distinction at the taking of Porto-Bello and at the siege of Carta- gena in 1740. He had an important share in the victory off Cape Finisterre (May 3, 1747). In 1751 he became a lord of the Admiralty. In 1755 as vice-admiral he intercepted the French fleet off Newfoundland, capturing two C4-gun ships and 1500 men, including the French commander, Ho- quart, whom he had taken prisoner twice before. In 1758, as Admiral of the Blue, he was com- mander-in-chief of the expedition against Cape Breton, capturing that island and Saint John's after some hard lighting. The crowning success of his career was the defeat he inflicted on the French Toulon fleet, in the Bay of Lagos, August 18, 1759. For this he received the thanks of Par- liament, a pension of £3000 a year, a seat in the Privy Council, and the command of the marines. He died near Guildford. .lanuary 10. 17G1. Con- sult: Norway, ".Vdmiral Boscawen, 'Old Dread- nought,'" in Cornish Maiidzine. Vol. II. (Truro, 1899) ; Standing, "Sir Edward Boscawen, K.C.B, .dmiral of the Blue," United Service Magazine, Vol. CXIII. (London, 1900). BOSCH, bosh, Ernst (1834 — ). A German painter. He was bom at Crefeld. and studied at the Diisseldorf Academy. In 1854 he exhibited 'The Smuggler." His works excel through buoy- ancy and humor. They include "Gipsy Gang" (180G): "Rogues' School" (1866); and "Far Sighted and Near Sighted" (1873). BOSCH, biis, HiERONTMUs (properly van .Ake.n) (1462-1516). A Dutch painter. He was born at Hertogenbosch ( Bois-le-Ducl, whence his name, and aflectcd fantastic subjects, partic- ularly the torments of the damned. His chief work. "The Last .Judgment," is in the Vienna Academy. BOSCH, HiERONVMi-s DE (1740-1811). A Dutch poet and philologist, born in Amsterdam. He was a philologist of varied aeciuirements and an accomplished Latin poet. His Pocmata first appeared at Leyden in 1803 (2d ed., 1808). He rendered an important service to classical litera- ture by his edition of the Aiif/io/offio Grceca, with a metrical translation by Hugo Grotius, never be- fore published (4 vols., 1795-1810, to which Van Lennep added a fifth volume, 1822). His dis- courses and treatises on subjects of literature, which are mostly composed in the Dutch lan- guage, disjda.v profound learning, excellent judg- ment, and refined taste. BOSCHBOK, bosh'bok. The Dutch form of 'Inislilnick' (q.v.). BOSCH'VARK (Dutch hosrh. wood, bush -+- vark. hug I. The .South-African river-hog (Pota- moclia-nt.t Africaniis) . See SwixE. BOS'COBEL ('Fairwood,' from It. bosco, thicket. OE. bosch, bosk, Engl, bush + bel, hello, beautiful). An English farmhouse near Shifnal, Shropshire, famed as the hiding-place of Charles II. after his defeat by Cromwell, at Worcester, September 3, 1651. With JIajor Car- lis or Careless, who had led the forlorn hope at Worcester, he climbed the 'Royal Oak' in Bosr,)- bel Wood, and was concealed in its thick foliage lor twenty-four hours, while Puritans in quest of him passed to and fro. unaware of his pres- ence. The farmhouse still stands, and the oak is represented b,v a tree grown from one of its acorns.— The title of Bcscobel Tracts has been given to certain contemporaneous writings, pub- lished in 1662, giving a graphic description of this passage of the monarch's life. BOSCOREALE, b6s'k6-ra-a'la (It. bosco, for- est, Engl, hush + reate, royal). A city in the Province of Naples, south Itajy, a mile and a half from Pompeii (ilap : Italy. R 11). Its name was brought to the notice of the world in 1895, when Baron Edmond de Rothschild presented to the Louvre a mass of First-Century silverware discovered in the excavation of a villa there. In the collection are 40 vases, jugs, bowls, etc., and 100 small pieces. The chief trade of the town is in wine and silk. In 1850 a stream of lava from Vesuvius, about a mile and a half broad and 12 feet deep, divided only just in time to leave Bos- coreale unharmed, the fiery torrents destroying the woods on either side. Population, in 1881 (comnuineK 8756: in 1901.9340. Consult : Heron de Villefosse, "Le tri'sor de Boscorealc," in Monuments et mfmoires de I'Institut dc France, A'^ol. V. (Paris, 1899) ; Boscorealc Collection (New V.irk, 1S9S). BOS'COVICH, RUGGIERO Gir.SEPPE (1711- 87). A celebrated Italian mathematician and as- tronomer, born in Hagusa. At an early age he joined the .Tesuits, and spent his life in scientific pursuits and important ]>ublic labors. Before the completion of his course of studies in Rome, he