Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/364

* £0R0 BUDDOB. 324 BOBOUGH. 72 in all, each containing a statue of Buddha ; while in the centre, rising high above everything else, is the large dome or pagoda (q.v. ) for the relif (if Buddha. BORODIN, bS-ro'den, Alexander Porfirye- viCH ( 1834-87). A Russian composer and chem- ist. He was born in Saint Petersburg, of a very ancient family. He studied medicine and chcniistry at the' Medico - Surgical Academy. practiced" medicine for a while, and, being ap- pointed to the chair of chemistry at his Alma Mater, went abroad to prepare for his duties. It is claimed that, during his studies in Paris, Heidelberg, and Italy, he had anticipated Wurtz in the discovery ofaldol. In all, he wrote 21 articles and monographs of importance. During the Liberal movement of the sixties (see Rus- .^lAN LiTERATt'BE), he espoused the cause of uni- versity education for women in Russia, and from 1872 till his deatli gave gratuitous, instruction in chemistry at the Jledical School for Women, opened by Professor Rudnyefi' and JIme. Far- nooskaya. Amid his arduous professional duties he found time for composition as a recreation only. His musical studies had begun quite early. At "nine he played on his piano the nuisic per- formed by regimental bands, and at thirteen wrote a concerto for the flute. With a friend be jdayed over all the symphonies of Beethoven, ilozart, and Haydn in arrangements for four hands. Besides, for chamber music, Borodin learned to play the 'cello, and his friend the violin. Later he joined the circle of Balakireff (q.v.), and took up music seriously. While abroad he met Liszt, who later classed" him as one of the great- est nmsicians of the age, and made his works known in Western Europe. He wrote his first sympliony in 1862-67, and then in 1869 began the opera I'rince Igor, on a libretto based on the epic Prince Igor'fi Band (q.v.), but soon left the work and utilized the composed parts for his second .symphony (1800-76), the so-called 'heroic.' He then resumed work on the opera, which, however, was still unfinished at his death. It was orchestrated and finislied by Rimsky- Korsakotr (q.v.) and Glazunoff (q.v.), and scored an enormous success at its first perform- ance in November, 1890. He also wrote two string quartets besides a score of songs of won- derful lyric depth. His In Central Asia (1880), a 'nuisi'cal picture' is one of the mainstays of the concert-room. Two movements of his third sympliony were reconstructed by GlazounofV, partly from rough draughts and partly from memory. Though a member of the BalakircfT circle, Borodin could not give u]) the rounded forms of the classical opera. His talent was essentially melodic, and his cantilenas are stamped with the breadth and power of a giant. The epic might and the Oriental coloring of bis orchestration in In Central Asia hold a jilacc among the most notable musical achievements in the Nineteenth Century. Consult Haliets, Life and Works of a Hussian Composer, Eng- lish trans, by Rosa Newmarch (London, 1897). BOBODINO, bA-ro'dtnf/. A village of Rus- sia, in tlic Government of Moscow, about 70 miles west of the city of that name. It is situated on the Kaluga, an afilucnt of the Moskva, and gave its name to the great battle fought between the French Army under Napo- leon and the Russians under Kutusoff, Barclay de Tolly, and Bagration, September 7, 1812. The battle of Borodino was one of the most ob- stinate in history, and the loss on both sides was almost equally great. The struggle consisted chiefly in the attempt of the French to cap- ture three lines of redoubts barring the way to the city of Moscow. These were thrice won and lost during the dav. Out of 257.000 men en- gaged, between 70,"000 and 80,000 were killed following day. but in the most perfect order, and without the enemy's venturing to attack them. The Russians, therefore, have always re- garded this battle as a victory, and in 1839 raised a fine mausoleum on the battlefield. To the French, however, certainly belongs the honor, as they not only remained on the field of battle, liut soon after pushed on to Moscow. The French call it the battle of the Jloskva, from the river of that name, and it gave Marshal Ncy his title of Prince of iloskva. A magnificent description of the weird splendor and the horrors of the battle may be found in Count Leo Tolstoi's novel, War and Peace. BO'RON (from borax, of which it is a com- ]ionent). A non-metallic element, which was iso- lated in 1808 by Gay-Lussac and Thenard in France, and by Sir Humphry Davy in England. Some of the compounds of boron were known to the ancients. The element is not found native, but occurs in combination in the following minerals: Sassolite, a boric acid; borax, a sodiiun borate: ioracitc, a magnesium borate with magnesium clibiridc: and ulexite, a sodium and calcium hydrous borate. Boron was originally obtained liy heating lioric oxide with metallic potassium, tlicn boiling the fu.sed mass with liydrochloric acid to remove the soluble salts; while the resi- due, consisting of amorphous boron, was waslied with water and dried. It can also be obtained by the electrolysis of fused boric oxide. As thus prepared, boron (symbol B, atomic weight, 1 1.0) is an odorless, grayish-brown amorjihous ]i(iwder. It is a non-conductor of electricity and fuses only at a very high heat. It may be melted by placing it between the poles of a battery of fibo Bunsen cells. The specific gravity of amor- jihous boron is upward of 1.84. A crystalline variety of boron was prepared by Wi'ililer and Deville in 18.")6. It may be obtained by heating the anior|ibous variety for two hours with me- tallic aluminum to a temperature of from 1500° to KiOO" C. Small monoclinic crystals are pro- duced by this process, which, however, cuntjiin a small amount of aluminum. These crystals have been called boron diamoiiils, owing to their lustre and hardness, as they scratcli tuith ruby and corundum. They have a specific gravity of 2 08. Boron is the only non-metallic element that frrms no compound with hydrogen. Its principal commercial coni|iounds arc boric acid, boric oxide, and certain borates, especially borax. BORO'RO. A native American tribe inliabit- ing the Ipper Paraguay and Cpper Parona liasins, They are tall (m.1.74) and athletic, and live by the chase, using bows of great Icngtii with arrows of cane tipped with bone or tootli. They are reputed to lie both polygynous and polyandrous. They number several thousand. BOROUGH, biir'6 (AS. burh, bury, Ger. Burg, a fori, fioiii AS. beorgan, to protect). In Great
 * ind wounded. The Russians retreated on the