Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/360

* BOKN. 320 BOBNEO. Prague, and went into the Department of Mines tiicre in 1770. In 1776 he went to Vienna and took charge of the Imperial minera logical collec- tions. Against much opposition lie succeeded in substituting amalgamation for smelting and cupcllation for extracting silver from the ores in the mines of Hungary, and also introduced other practical improvements in mining, salt-working, and chemical bleaching. BORNE, ber'nc, Lvdwig (1786-1837). A Ger- nrian political pamphleteer and satirist, born in Frankfort-on-the-ilain. He renounced his Hebrew faith and name (Liib Baruch), and pub- lished various political journals that were suc- cessivelv suppressed, of which the best known is The'lSulaiicc (Die Wage). He was an able and caustic critic of the political condition of Germany, and after the Wage was discontinued (1821). "led a restless life in Paris, Heidelberg, Frankfort, Berlin, and Hamburg. After the July Revolution lie returned to Paris (1830), where he established the Balance, for the purpose of promoting a closer intellectual union between France and Germany. He is now best remem- bered for his dramatic criticism and for a bitter controver.sy with his fellow-exile Heinrich Heine. His collected IVorAs appeared in 18(i3. His best- known satire is Uenzel der Franzosenfrcsser. His Denkrcdc auf Jean Paul is famous for its beauty of thought and style. Consult: Heine, Ueber liiirne (Hamburg, 1840) ; and Holzmann, Leben Homes (Berlin, 1888). BORTJEENE. See Borneol. BORNEIL, l)or'na'y', Giraud de. A French poet belonging to the close of the Twelftli C^en- tury. He was born at Exideuil (Dordogne), and won liigli rank for his verses. Mention is made of him in the Purgatory by Dante, who also, in the De Vi(?f;ori FAoquio, classes him with Arnant Daniel and Bertrand de Born. Of his work tlicrc liave been preserved eiglity-two specimens, many satiric, most of them oh.scure. BORNEMANN, bor'ne-man, Ferdinand Wii.- HEi.M LuDWiG ( 17»S-18t;4). A German jurist. He was born in Berlin, and studied jurisprudence there. In 1848 lie became Minister of Justice in the Campbausen Ministry, and in the same year second president of the Superior Court at Berlin. In 1849 he was elected to the First Cliamber of the Prussian Diet, and in 1800 lie became a mem- ber of the House of Peers. He is known as one of the most eminent authorities on Prussian civil law, of which his Systematische Darslelluny des jireuKsischen Cirilrechts (1834-39) was the first adequate presentation. BOR'NEO (corrupted from Brunai, Malay Burnt, Bi'irnt, a district, the island having no comprehensive native name, though sometimes called Pulo Kalamantin-, after one of the native fruits). The fiftli largest island in the world, only Australia, Greenland. Baffin Land, and New- Guinea or Papua exceeding it in area (Jla)): East Indies, D 4). It is situated in the East Indian .Vrchipelago and extends from just north of latitude 7° Ni^ to 4° 10' S., and from longi- tude 108° 53' to 119° 22' E. It is bounded on the north by the China and Sulu seas, the latter separating it from the Philippine Islands; on the cast by the Celebes Sea and Strait of Macassar, which separate it from Celebes; on the south by the Java Sea, which separates it from tlic island of Java; and on the west by the southern part of the South China Sea, which separates it from Malacca and Sumatra, and by Kariuiata or Billi- ton Strait. It is 830 miles long and liOO miles wide in the broadest part, and has an area of about 290,000 sqiuire miles, with a population ccnjectured to be nearly 2,000,000. The interior has been but partially explored, much of thecoim- try being one vast, almost impenetrable jungle. A little north of the middle of the island there is a central highland region called the iladei Moimtains. from which stretch out in ditl'erent directions mountain ranges that in most cases continue to the coast, and which include between them low valleys. A mountain range which, with a certain discontinuity, extends toward the northeast, divides the northern part of the island into eastern and western sections and culminates near the extreme north in the isolated peak Kini Balu, which attains an alti- tude of 13,700 feet. Other ranges diverge, one toward the west (the Klinkang Jlountains) ; another range toward the southwest, which, with that toward the northeast, forms a central chain; another range toward the southeast, which in approaching the coast bends toward the south and continues to the extreme southeastern cor- ner of Borneo; and still another range toward the east. These mountain ranges do not appear to have had names assigned to them as complete chain.s, although the different portions have dis- tinctive local names. A number of the summits rise to 7000-9000 feet. In the extreme west are a few small volcanic cones. Between the two main ranges, which diverge to the west and southwest, lies the valley of the Kapuas, which river flows southwest to the west coast, forming there a broad delta after the manner of several of the Borneo rivers. The region on the north of the Klinkang and Madei mountains is drained chiefly toward the west by the Batang Lupai-, Rejang, Barram Limbang, and other rivers. The northeast section is drained toward the east by the Koti, Segah. Kajan. and other rivers. The whole southern lowland region is drained toward the south by the Barito (which is nearly 600 miles in length). Little and Great Dj'ak, Ka- tingan, Pembuan, Kotaringin, Djellei. and other rivers. Many of the rivers are navigable, but only for small boats, as most of the river- mouths are closed by bars which prevent the en- trance of sea-going vessels. The rivers are subject to frequent floods at all seasons, and to wide ex- pansion during the rainy season. The southern and eastern sections possess extended areas of lowland, which become flooded during the rainy season and form great lakes, and in the dry sea- son are intersected by numerous watercourses of both river and canal or ditch-like character. The coast of Borneo is, in the main, indented only by open bays. It has few islands, the chief of which are Labuan on the nortliwest coast, Banguey on the north coast, Xanokong on the northeast coast, Laut on the southeast coast, and Maivang on the southwest coast. The geological formations are Tertiary and post-Tertiary, except in the central and western mountains, which are pre-Tertiary, and consist largely of Devonian and Carboniferous .schists and slates. Economically, the most important formations are the coal deposits of the Tertiary period, and they show the remains and much of the detailed structure of the luxuriant vegeta- tion of this period. The chief products of the