Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/356

* BOKEB. 316 BOBGHESI. burrows. A tiny sponge of the genus Clione perforates an oyster shell, one of these minute organisms inlialiiting each perforation. The method of their action is yet a mystery; it is thought, however, to be both chemical and me- elianical — i.e. by secretion and by spinules. ilany worms are borers, working not only into the .soil, but into sponges and like organisms. The crustaceans are said to bore, but this is an error; they burrow rather — e.g. the crayfish in search of water. One of the marine isopods, the gribble {Limnonia lignoniin) . however, is re- markable for the damage it does to wharves and other wooden structures in northern American harbors. But the most important borers are the moUusks. particularly the teredo (q.v. ) and the family Pholadid*. A closely allied family (Gastrochaenidfp) have the same habit, the most important being the genera Aspergillum and Gastroehiena. Lithodomus (see Date-Shell) is another powerful borer. Lyell, in alluding to the alternate upheaval and submergence of the land on the coast, gives us the following fact: On the coast of the Gulf of Naples, near the ancient town of Pozzuoli, are three marble pil- lars rising 40 feet above the water, the remains of an ancient temple whose marble pavement still exists many feet below the surface of the bay. For a distance of 12 feet from the water these pillars are smooth and fi'ee from blemish. Then comes a distance of 9 feet, throughout which the marble is perforated with innumer- able holes. At the end of each of these perfora- tions may be found the remains of the tiny Lithodomus. The adjacent waters are still filled with the same species. There is a difference of opinion as to the precise manner in which bi- valve mollusks bore, but there is little doubt that the foot and adductor muscles afford the motor power and the anterior part of the shell the cutting instrument. Among gastropod mol- lusks several small species are known as 'borers' along the northern American coast, because of their method of perforating the shells of clams, oysters (resulting in serious annual loss to the oysterculturists), and similar victims. This boring of the shell is made with their rasp-like tongue ribbons, and through the perforation the juice of the victim is sucked oiit. The chief offender in Long Island Sound and New York Bay is Urosalpinx cinerca, commonly called drill. Many worms are borers, perforating sponges, etc. In.sects of similar habits are described under Babk-Beetle; Carpenteb-Bee; and simi- lar titles. BORGEEHOTJT, bor'ger-hout (Dutch borg, safety, security + hoiit. wood). An eastern sub- urb of Antwerp, containing a number of manii- facturing establisliments and a church noted for its architectural beautv (Map: Belgium, C 3). Poiuilalion, in 1900, .3'7,.'iO0. BORGHESE, bor-ga'zft. A family of great distinction in the Republic of Siena, and after- wards in Rome. CaIMILLO liOROHESE ( 1;),')2-1621 ) ascended the Papal tluone in 1(105 as Paul V., and liy him other members of the family were ad- vanced to high positions. A marriage with the heiress of the Aldobrandini brought the fami- ly into the possession of great wealth. — Camillo FiLii'PO Lfuovico, Prince Horghese (177.5-1832), joined the French Army when it inva<led Italy: and, in 1803, married Pauline, the sister of Napoleon Bonaparte, and widow of General Le- clerc. His wife subsequently received the prin- cipality of Guastalla. and lie was created Duke of Guastalla, and under the French Kmpire he was for some time Governor-General of the prov- inces beyond the Alps. He held his court in Turin, and was very popular among the Pied- montese. He sold the Borghese collection of ar- tistic treasures to Napoleon for 13,000,000 francs, receiving in part payment the Pied- montese national domains: but when these were reclaimed by the King of Sardinia, in 1815, he received back some of the works of ancient art. The remainder are in the Louvre. After the overthrow of Napoleon he separated from his wife and broke off all connection with the Bonaparte family. He lost Guastalla, but re- tained the principalities of Sulmona and Ros- sano. his hereditary possessions. His heir was his brother, I'rancesco Borghese, Prince Aldo- brandini (1776-1839), a general in the French service, who was succeeded bv his eldest son, Marco Antonio (1814-80). Of the hitter's two sons, the elder. Prince Paolo, born in 1845, lost through unlucky speculations the greater part of his fortune, in consequence of which most of the precious collections of the family had to he sold at auction in 1891-92. The valuable family archives were acquired by Pope Leo Xlll. for the Vatican. The Borghese Palace is one of the most magnificent in Rome. The noble portico of the inner court is composed of 96 granite columns: the collection of paintings is remark- ably fine. By negotiations concluded recently the art treasures of the palace became the pixijierty of the Italian Government. BORGHESE, Villa. The summer palace of the Borghese family, situated outside the Porto del Popolo, Rome, in an extensive garden, orna- ujcnted with artificial ruins and fountains. It was built by Cardinal Scinio Borghese, nephew of Pope Paul v., on the Cenci estate. Jlany of its former treasures of ancient sculpture were removed to Paris in 1806. The Casino contains the collection nf anticpies formed to replace those carried off under Napoleon and includes a num- ber of important statues, although some have re- cently passed out of the possession of the family. BORGHESE GLADIATOR. A work of Aga- sias of Ephesus, formerly in the Borghese collec- tion in Rome, whence the name. By order of Napoleon it was sent to the Louvre, in Paris, where it now is. It is in the GrjecoRoman man- ner, rejuesenting a warrior, with shield and sword, ill the act of striking. Its date is about the First Century n.c. BORGHESE MARS. A fine example of an- cient sciil|itiire ciiicc in the Borghese collection in Rome, now in the Louvre, Paris. BOBGHESI, bAr-g.n'zA. Bartolommeo (1781- 1860). An Italian numismatist and epigraphist. born at Savignann. near Rimini. His earliest studies were on (loi'iimeiits of the Middle Ages; afterwards he turned his attention to Roman numismatics and epigraphy. During the trou- bled times of 1821 he retired to the little Repub- lic of San Marino, where he made his home until his death. By his publication Xuovi frammenti (tci fasti consolari rapitolini (2 vols., 1818-20), Borgliesi established himself as one of the most eminent epigraphists of modern times; indeed, he may be called one of the founders of present-