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* BONOMI. 284 BONTUKTJ. architecture. His most celebrated work was a villa erected for the Duke of Argyle at Kose- neath. Dumbartonshire. He was elected an as- sociate of the Roval Academy in 1789, and his subsequent failing to obtain election to full mem- bership was the cause of the withdrawal of Rey- nolds from the presidency. Between 17S3 and 180G he exhibited nvuuerous drawings at the Academy. BONONCINI, bo'non-che'ne, or BTJONON- CINI, bwO'non-che'ne, Giovanni Battista ( 1660- 1750). An Italian operatic composer and vio- loncellist. He was a pupil of his father. Gio- vanni Maria Bononcini, and of Paolo Colonna. He became violoncellist to the Court at Vienna in 1691. In 1716 he visited London, w^here he soon acquired a popularity which made liim a formidiible rival of Handel, the respective merits of the two musicians being for a time hotly con- tested. In 1731 it was discovered that he had plagiarized an anthem by Antonio Lotti, and soon afterwards he left London in disgrace, and went to Paris, where he became interested in alchemy, in the pursuit of which he impoverished himself. He was invited to Vienna in 1748 to compose the festival music in celebration of the Peace of Aij-la-Chapelle. He died in Venice at the age of 90. and is said to have preserved his power of productivity unimpaired to the last. His principal compositions include the operas Tullo Ostilio (Rome, 1694) ; La fede pubbbca (Vienna, 1699): PoUfemo (Berlin, 1703); As- tarte (London. 1720) ; the Funeral Anthem for the Duke of Marlhorough (ib. 1722) ; the ora- torio Jl Giosuc, also several symphonies, and some chamber music. BONONCINI, or BTJONONCINI, Giovanni Maria (1(140-78). An Italian composer. He was born in Modena, and studied in Bologna. He early entered the service of the Duke of Mo- dena, and became maestro di capella of San Gio- vanni in Monti. He wrote a great number of in- strumental and vocal compositions, and a theo- retical work entitled Musico prattico (1773). BONONE, bono'nu. Carlo (1569-1632). An Italian painter, born in Ferrara. He .studied under Ciiuseppe Mazzuoli, and made careful ex- amination of the works of the Carracci in Bo- logna and Rome, and of those of Paolo Veronese and Correggio in Venice and Parma. His smaller paintings are in the style of the Carracci, his larger in that of Veronese. Some of the most prominent painters of Ferrara were his pupils His works, many of which are in the churches of Ferrara. include "Patriarchs and Prophets and "Arisen Christ with Saints." BONPLAND, bflN'plilN', Amfi Jacques _Ai.- rxANDRE— his real name was Goujand— ( 1773- 1858). An eminent French botanist. He studied medicine and botany in Paris, and in li 99 ac- companied Alexander von Humboldt to America, and with him traveled extensively in Mexico and the Andes (1799-1804), where Bonpland collected 6000 new species of plants. After his return he was appointed director of the gardens at Navarre and Malmaison in 1804, and published several splendid and valuable botanical works, such a,s I'lantes itiuinoxiales r^cueillies au Mexique (2 vols Paris, 1808-10) ; Monof/raphie des nUlasto- rnacies (2 vols., Paris, 1809-16) ; and Descrip- tion des plantes rares cultivces d. Navarre ct a Malmaison (Paris, 1813-17). He went to Buenos Ayres in 1816, with a collection of European plants and fruit-trees, and was there appointed professor of natural sciences. In 1821 he under- took an expedition of scientific discovery up the Parana, with the view of prosecuting his inves- tigations to the Andes, across the Gran Chaco Desert; but Dr. Erancia, then Dictator of Para- guay, believing him to be a spy, arrested him, and kept him prisoner for eight years. In 1829 Bonpland obtained his liberty, went to Brazil, and resided at Santa Borja till 1850. He then removed to Corrientes, where he practiced medi- cine till his death. His remarks on the herba- rium collected in his travels with Humboldt have been published by Kunth in his Xova Genera et Species Plantarum. (12 vols., Paris, 1815-25). For his biography, consult Brunei (Paris, 1872). BONSTETTEN, bon'stet'en, Charles Vic- tor DE (1745-1832). A Swiss author. He was born in Bern, and studied in Leyden, Cambridge, and Paris. He was a member of the Grand Council of Bern in 1775, and subsequently bailifl' at Sarnen and Nyon. He became su- perior judge at Lugano; but in 1796, to escape the Revolution, withdrew to Italy, and thence to Denmark, where he remained imtil 1802. His works include: Kleine Schriften (1799-1801); Voyage sur la scene des dix derniers livres de r.fJneide (1895) ; L'homme du Midi et I'homme dii yard (1S24) ; and Souvenirs Merits en 1S31 (1833). For his life, consult Morell (Winter- thur, 1861). BONTEBOK, bon'te-bok. One of the hart- beests. See HARxnEEST. BONTEMPS, boN'tilN', Roger. The pen-name used by Rosier de Collerye. a jolly Parisian of the Fi'fteentli Century. The name has passed into the language for a 'good fellow.' BON TON, Fr. pron. bSN t5N (Fr., good tone or manner). A comedy by Burgoyne (1760), altered and produced by Garrick (1775) with a sub-title High Life Above Stairs. It was de- signed as a satire against the contemporary introduction of French customs. Lord Jlenekin affects an ardent passion for Miss Tittup ; Lady Menekin pretends to be in love with Colonel Tivy. Miss Tittup and Colonel Tivy really love each other, and are engaged, but do not feel it good form to confess to it. BONTOUX, boN'too', EuGfeNE ( 1824-1904). A French financier. He studied at the Ecole Poly- technique, and was by profession an engineer, but subsequentlv was appointed general director of the Southern Railway of Austria. With the support of the Rothschilds he made large specu- lations. Later, having lost much of his fortune and quarreled with the Rothschilds, he founded in Paris, in 1878, chiefly with the aid of clerical and Legitimist capital, the L'nion Generate, whose success was marked and extensive. A severe de- cline in prices in 1882 bankrupted the Union, wliose projector e.scajM'd five years' imprison- ment by flight. He pul>lislied L'Union gaUrale, sa vir.'sa mart, son programme (1888). BONTUKXT, bon-tno'koo, or Bonduku. An inipcirtant commercial town in French Sudan, situated close to the English boundary. It lies at an altitude of nearly 800 feet, on the caravan route connecting Kong and Timbuktu with the Western Sudan, and has a large trade in gold-