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* BONN. 281 BONNET. While the archiepiscopal residence remains the t-entral buildin" of the university, many others have been added. It had in I'JOl over 2400 students, divided among the faeulties of evan- gelical theolosry. Catholic theoloj.'y. law, medi- cine, and philosopliy. Its income is nearly 1,300,000 marks, and "its library contains iJTo.OOO volumes, 12.3.5 incunabula, and l.'$7(i MSS. There are buildings for the medical department, labor- atories, a physiological institute, clinics, and an observatory. Among the great names con- nected with the faculties are those of Arndt, >.'iebuhr. and A. V. von Schlcgel. Bonn has always been a favorite place for the education of Prussian royalty, and is socially, as well as in scholarship, one of the leading German uni- versities. BONNASSIEUX, bS'nJi'sye', .Jeax (1810-92). . French sculptor, born at Pannissi^res (Loire). He studied in Paris, imder Uumont, and re- ceived the Prix de Rome in 1S36. In 18.57 he was ordered to model a colossal statue of Xotre Dame de France, for the town of Le Puy, from the bronze of the cannon taken at Sebastopol. Among his works are: "Love Clipping his Wings" (1S42), in the Luxembourg, and "The Young David" (1844), also bought by the Government. For his "Meditation" (IS55) he received a medal of the first class and the cross of the Legion of Honor. Ordered to model a statue of Voltaire for the fa(ade of the Louvre, Bonnassieux, a firm Catholic, refused, and in its place a statue of Ffinelon was erected. This caused him to become a kind of official sculptor to the French clergy, and much of his work was done for the churches of France. Besides his works already named mention should be made of the marble statue of Jeanne Hachette ( 1848, Luxembourg) and the bronze statues of General d'. digne (1S75, Mon- net) and P6re Lacordaire (1876, Flavigny). BONNAT, bo'na'. Lfiox .Joseph Florextin (183.3 — ). An eminent French portrait painter. He was born in Bayonne, studied with Madrazo in Madrid, where he was much influenced by the works of Velazquez and Ribera, and with L^on Cogniet in Paris, His notoriety began with "Saint Vincent de Paul Taking the Place of a Galley-Slave" (1866) ; other religious works are his celebrated "Christ Crucified" (1874, Palais de .Justice, Paris ), in which he successfully rivals the great realists of the past, Holbein, Ribera, and Velazquez; and "Job" (1880, Luxembourg). Delightful genre subjects like his "Scherzo" at- test his skill with Italian folk-scenes. But his chief reputation rests upon his portraits, aston- ishing in their characterization and realism. Among the most celebrated are those of Thiers, Victor Hugo, Don Carlos, L^on Cogniet, ancl Jules Gr^vy — the last two in the Luxembourg. It is his practice, in producing a portrait, to light the sitter vividly, and to relieve him by the simplest of backgrounds, usually dark. He builds up his figures with the plastic sense of a sculp- tor; he gives them the projection of life itself. Although lacking in a>,sthetic charm, they suggest the physical presence of the sitter to a degree almost bordering on deception. He received the medal of honor in 1869, was elected to the Insti- tute in 1881, and was made commander of the Legion of Honor in 1882 and professor in the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in 1888. Consult: Claretie, Peintres et sculpteurs contemporaina ( Paris, 1884) : ifodern French Masters, ed. Van Dvke (Xew York, 1896). BONNECHOSE, bOn'sh.V.', Francois Paul Kmile Bois.NORMAND de (1801-75). A French author, lie was born at I^yerdorp, Holland, entered the French Army, served until after the Revolution of 1830, and subseipicntly was ap- (lointed librarian of the Palace of Sa'int Cloud. From 1850 to 1853 he was librarian of several of the libraries of the civil list. He published: Histoire de France (1834); Les reformutcurs avant la refonne (1844); Les quatrcs conquCtcs de I'Angk'tcrre (1851); and licrtrand du Oucs- clin (18661. BON'NER, Edmi-xd (e.loOO-69). Bishop of London. He was born of obscure and doubtful parentage about 1500. He was educated at Ox- ford, and there admitted doctor of civil law in 1525. The reputation he gained at Oxford by his knowledge of the canon law n;commended him to the notice of Wolsev, who made him his chap- lain in 1529. After the fall of Wolsey (1530) Bonner took an active share in the endeavor to have Henry VIII. divorced, and received due promotion from that King. In 1533 he was de- l)uted to appear before Clement VII. in Marseilles to appeal for the excommunicated monarch to a general council; but the story that the violence of liis threats on this occasion suggested to his Holiness the counter-threats of havinghiniluirned alive, or thrown into a caldron of melted lead, may be dismissed as fabrications. In 1540 he was made Bishop of London. The death of Henry cooled his Protestant zeal; and having given proofs of his lukewarmness in the cause of Reformation, he was at length, in 1549, in the name of Henry's successor, Edward VI., com- mitted to the Marshalsea and deprived of his bishopric. The accession of Queen Mary re- stored him to oflice ( 1553), and as vicegerent and president of the Convocation, he was the prin- cipal agent in the persecution which was carried on against the Reformers during Clary's reign. On the accession of Elizabeth, in 1558, Bonner accom- panied his episcopal brethren to salute her at Highgate. but was, on account of his unpopular- ity, which antedated his career as persecutor, refused the honor of kissing her hand. On May 30, 1559, he was summoned before the Pri'vV Council, and there refused, with a consistency- worthy of due respect, to take the oath of supremacy. He was accordingly deposed from his bishopric and shut up in the Marshalsea, where he died, September 5, 1569, BONNER, Robert (1824-99). An American editor. lie was born in Londonderry, Ireland, but while verj- young emigrated to the J'nited States, learned the trade of a printer, and in 1839 became a compositor on the Hartford f'oiirant. He removed to New York City in 1844, and in 1851 bought the Ledr/er. which soon at- tained an unprecedented circulation on account of its serial stories and its articles by jjopular contributors, such as "Fanny Fern," Edward F^verett, Henry Ward Beecher, Longfellow, Tennyson, William Cullen Bryant, Sylvanus Cobb, and Charles Dickens. In 1887 Bonner handed over the management of the paper to his three sons. BONNET. See Sail. BONNET (OF. bonnet, Fr. bonnet, from Low Lat. himeta, from 5on[H]c(MS, the stuff of