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* BONIFACE. 279 BONITO. suit: G. W. Cox (London, 1853): A. Werner (Leipzig, 1875) ; Life of Saint Winfrid — ^the tra- ditional life (London, 1878) ; O. Fischer (1880) ; A. Ebrard ( Giitersloh, 1882). BONIFACE H., :XLirgrave of Montferrat ( T-1207). An Italian soldier, prominent in the Fourth Crusade. He participated in the war against Saladin, and was taken prisoner at Hittin (1187). In 1201 he joined the Fourth Crusade. He became ruler of Macedonia and Greece, under the title of King of Thessaloniea, in 1204. He was killed near llosynopolis in a battle with the Bulgarian invaders. BONIFACIO, bo'ne-fa'ehS, Strait of. The ancient Fretum Gallicum, between Corsica and Sardinia ; it took its modern name from the lit- tle fishing-town of Bonifacio, which is at the southern extremity of Corsica (Map: Italy, D 6). The strait, which is seven miles wide at its narrowest part, is dangerous to navigate on ac- count of the swift current and the rocks, and at times tempestuous winds. Oyster, tunny, and coral fisheries are prosecuted in its waters. BONIFACITJS, bon'I-fa'slu-iis. A Roman gen- eral of the Fifth Century a.d. He fought against the Goths at !Massilia in a.d. 413, and against the Vandals in Spain in a.d. 422. He was subse- quently Governor of Africa under Valentinian 111., and appears to have been successful in his administration. Having been maliciously ad- vised by Aetius (q.v. ) that the Regent Placidia purposed Ms death, he unwisely invited the Van- dals under Genserie to settle in Africa. After- wards, when he perceived that he had been duped, he endeavored to expel the barbarians, but was himself besieged at Hippo, whence he escaped to Italy. Here he regained the favor of the Regent, but was challenged by Aetius to single combat, and died of his wounds soon afterwards. BONIFAZIO, bo'ne-fii'tse-o. The name of a family of Venetian painters of the Renaissance. Morelli has shown that there were three artists of this name, instead of one. as was previously believed. Boxifazio (I.) the Elder (died c. 1540), called Veronese from his birthplace, was the most important of the three, and indeed one of the best painters of the Venetian school. His drawing is pure and graceful, and his clear, bright color is distinguished by a peculiar bril- liant quality. Among his works are a series of Madonnas with saints in London, the Ambrosiana (Milan), Palazzo Golonna (Rome), Dresden, and Stuttgart; "Xazarus and Dives" (Venice Acad- emy) ; and the "Finding of Moses" at Dresden. — Bon'IFazio Veronese (II.) the Younger, prob- ably a brother of the preceding, was born in Verona, and studied with Palma Vecchio and in Venice, where he died October 19, 1553. Al- though resembling his brother's, his art is weaker in conception and execution. Among their joint works are the "Finding of iloses" (Brera, Mi- lan ), a ".Judgment of Solomon" and "The Woman Taken in .Xdultery." both in the Venetian Acad- emy. By Bonifazio IL alone are the "Supper at Emmaus" (Brera and Uffizi). "Return of the Prodigal Son" (Horghese Gallery. Rome), and an ".Annunciation" and "Triumph of Love" at Vien- na. — BoNTFAZio (111.) Venkzi. o (die-nen', Eduakd VON (1793-1865). A Prussian general, born at Stol]) (Farther Pomer- ania). In 1806 he entered the infantry regiment of Brunswick-Oel, was at Jena and Liibeck, and rose in 1829 to be major. Promoted in 1842 to be colonel, he commanded a Prussian brigade in the War of 1848-49, and, having served as com- mandant of Berlin, was appointed Prussian Min- Lster of War in 1852. He retired in 1854, was again appointed in 1858, but a second time re- tired in 1859 and was appointed general com- manding the Eighth Army Corps at Coblenz. He published a military work entitled Orundziige fiir das ::erstreu1e Gefecht (Berlin, 1839). BONIN (b6-nen') ISLANDS (.Jap. Ogasa- icara-slnma) . A group of small islands in the Pacific, situated between .Japan and the Ladrone Islands, in about latitude 27° X. and longitude 142° 20' E. (Map: World, Eastern Hemisphere, G 35). The entire archipelago occupies an area of about 28 square miles, and is divided into three groups — the Parry Islands on the north, Bonin proper in the centre, and Coffm Islands in the south. The largest are Hillsborough and Buckland. They are of volcanic origin, and but few of them are inhabited. The cliief products are sugar and indigo. The main port is Port Lloyd, on Peel Island. The population is about 1400. The group was discovered by the .Japanese in 1593, and being uninhabited it was named Bunin ('no man's'), whence Bonin. In 1823 Captain Coflin, of the American whaler Transit, landed on the most southern island and named it after himself, which fact Captain Becehey knew when he arrived in 1826. In 1828 it was taken possession of by Russia, but no attempt was made toward its colonization. Since 1876 it has been in the possession of .Japan. BONINGTON, or BON'NINGTON, Richabd Pabkes ( 1801-28 ). An English landscape painter. He was born near Kottingham, the son of a painter. At fifteen he went to Paris, and studied at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts and with Baron Gros, and afterwards in Italy. Although his training was in France, he adopted the open-air method of painting practiced by Constable. His chief importance consists in the fact that he, aided by the works which Constable exhibited in Pari.s, was instrumental in introducing plein-air paint- ing into France. From their works the painters of Barbizon received their inspiration. BONITO, b6-ne't6 (Sp., Fortug. from Ar. ha.iiiU, hainith). Any of several species of fishes of the mackerel family. One of these {(lymnosarda pelamys) is well known to the sailors as one of the fishes most commonly seen pursuing the flying fishes. It is pelagic, and occurs in all tropical seas, coming north to Cape Cod on the coast of America, and is rarely taken in English waters. The back is bluish, belly silver^', with four brownish stripes on each side parallel with the lower curve of the body. It grows to a length of 2i.j feet. The albieore (ffarda sarda). another species reaching alx)ut the same length, occurs on both shores of the North Atlantic. It is a food-fish of rather low grade. The California bonito (Sardn Chilrnxin) occurs on the west coast of both .Americas and in the waters of Japan. It, too. is a poor food-fish.