Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/312

* BONESET. 276 BONHAM. BONESET, or Thorough WOKT (so named from its medicinal properties), Eiipatorium perfoUiiium. A perennial herb, native of the United States, and "rowing in moist soil. The leaves and flowering tojis are used as a tonic. They liave a strong, bitter taste, and are taken in the form of liot tea to produce perspira- tion. If very strong, it operates as an emetic. To make boneset tea, steep an ounce of dried leaves in a pint of water ; let it stand two hours, and strain. Boneset is a domestic remedy for influenza, muscular rheumatism, etc. See Eupa- TORIIM. BONET, bo-net', Juan Pablo. A Seventeenth- Century Spanish instructor of deaf-mutes, born in Aragon. Pablo Ponce de Leon (died 1584), a Spanish monk, and Pasch, clergyman of Bran- denburg, were earlier teachers, but Bonet was tiie first to publish a manual of method. This is his lieduccion de las letriis y artes para cnsenar a hfihhir a los mudos (1620). BONE-TUMOB. See AcTiNOiiycosis. BONFIGLIO, bon-fe'lyo, or BUONFIGLIO, bwon-fe'lyo, Benedetto (c.142.5-c.9G) . An Ital- ian painter of the Umbrian School. He lived at Perugia, where he painted the frescoes in the Palazzo Communale (1454-01). These frescoes prove him superior to any of the Umbrians of his time, except Piero della Francesca. It has been said that he afterwards followed Pinturic- ehio to Rome and assisted in the decorations of the Vatican. BONFIRE (originally bone-fire, as in a gloss of 148.'?; "bavcfyrr, ignis ossium," i.e. fire of bones). In its earliest usage, a funeral pyre; a fire lighted to consume heretical or forbidden books, etc. ; in the early superstitions of Ger- many ( tt'here it was also called yotfcKcr or need- fire) and most other European nations, a fire kindled in time of pestilence among men or cat- tle to drive away the disease. Later, the kindling of such fires, with many traditional ceremonies, became a regular part of the observances on the night before the festival of Saint .John the Bap- tist or Midsummer Day — still with the ancient idea of driving away ])!agucs and evil sjnrits. The easting of elligics into the flames, still ob- served in some places, seems to point to a sur- vival of ancient propitiatory saeriflces. It is quite likely that all these ceremonial observances are relics of pagan worship of the heavenly bodies, modified by the introduction of Chris- tianity. The Church, as in many other instances, preferred to adopt and consecrate what would have been almost ini))ossible to suppress: tluis the inclusion in the Catholic Easter ceremonies of the blessing of the new fire, and the custom in the Russian Churdi of carrying liglited tapers on that festival, may be related to the custom of the Osterfeuer among the Teutonic nations, which originally was probal)ly celebrated on the 1st of May. Consult: .Liliii, Die dcutscheii Opfert/e- hrduche hei AcI^crhiK und Viehzucht (Breslau, 1884) ; Brand, Popular Antiritiities, Vol. I., edited by Ellis (London, 1849). For the customs more particularly associated with the Celtic races, see Beltane. BONGAR, bon'giir (native name). A serpent; genus liungarus. Sec Ivbait. BON GAULTIER, bON gft'tyi', Ballads OF. The title of a witty, satirical volume of verse bj' Professor William Aytoun and Theodore Martin, i)ublished in 1854. The ballads originally appeared in lllarlcaood's M(i(ia:hu and were iriostly on the topics of the day, including some excellent parodies. BONGHI, bon'ge, Ruggero (1828-95). An Italian man of letters and politician, lie was born in Naples, March 20, 1828. His literary activity began at the age of 20, with a trans- lation of Plato's Fhilebus. His active share in the political events of 1848 forced him into temporary exile; and a chance meeting at Lake Maggiore with Manzoni and Rosmini-Ser- bati soon bore fruit in his much-discussed Critical Letters on the licdKOii ^VIll/ Italian Lit- erature is Xot I'opular CM ed.. 1873). In 1858 appeared his translation of Plato, Opere di Pla- lone, and of the Metaj)}iysics of Aristotle; and the following year he refused to receive from Austria a chair of philosophy in the University of Pavia, but afterwards acceiited it from his own country, when Pavia had reverted to Italy. Thereafter he was connected successively with the universities of Turin, Florence, Milan, and finally (1870) Rome, where he was professor emeritus of ancient history at the time of his death. Honghi was a man of great activity and many interests. From 1800 he sat almost continuously in the (^hamber of Deputies, where he sujiported the Conservative Party. In 1874-70 he was Minister of Public Instruction. In journalism he was equally active, editing successively the Perse- veranza of Milan, and the TJnitn Xazionale of Naples, and founding the l^taiujia. which is still the leading journal of Turin, and the magazine OM?(«ro, which he edited until his death in IS!)."). He was for many years president of the Italian Press Association. Among his many published works may be mentioned: Pius IX. and the Fu- ture Pope (1877) : Leo XI 11. and Italy (1878) ; Contemporaneous Portraits: Cavour, liismarck, Thiers (1879); Disraeli and Gladstone (1882); History of Rome (1884-88) ; .Arnoldo da Brescia (1884); The Roman Festivals (1891). BONGO, bon'go. A name applied to a negro people dwelling in the Upper Nile basin, between the Dinka and the Zandch. They are slight- ly blended with Hamites. They are of reddish skin and medium stature, and are vigorous and fleshy, with crisp hair. They subsist by the chase, upon their flocks, and by agriculture. They are skilled in the working of iron. Their neatly thatched houses and granaries are conoid in shape, and the former are surmounted with lookouts. Little costume is worn, but the Bongo are fond of adornment. The women tat- too the ujiper ])art of the body, and wear labrcts in the u]iper li)), straws through tlic alee of the nostrils, and rings through the septum of the nose. BONGO. A large West African bushbuck (q.v. I. BONHAM, bon'dni. A town and the county- seat of Fannin County, Tex., about 75 miles northeast of Dallas, on the Texas and Pacific and the Denison, Bonham and New Orleans rail- roads (Map: Texas. F 3). It is the scat of Carleton College (Christian), opened in 1807. The city is the centre of a fertile agricultural district, and has a large export trade in cotton, grain, flour, and live stock. The industrial estab- lishments comprise flouringniills, cotton-gins,