Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/308

* BONDI. 272 BONK. lereccia (1773), intended to be a liumorous picture of the rural pleasures of the brother- hood. Havinj; celebrated in verse the aboli- tion of the Jesuit Order, lie gave otTense to in- fluential persons and was eonipcllod to conceal himself in the Tyrol ; but ultimately he found a patron in the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand, who made him librarian at Briinn. Later he fixed his residence in Vienna, w'here he died. His poems are lyrieal, descriptive, satirical, and elegiac, and are chiefly distinguished by the elegance of their versification and the purity of their style. Among his longer works may be mentioned La converxazioiie. La fcUcita, and II gocenio paciftco. Italians consider Bondi's translation of the .Eiit irf to possess remarkable excellence. His entire works were published in Vienna in 1S08. BONDMAN, The. A tragedy by Massinger (1G23) ; a minor opera by Balfe "(184G) : a novel by Hall Caine (1890), the scene of which is laid in the Isle of ilan and Iceland. BONDU, bon-drio', or Bojjdou. One of the constituent States of the French colony of Sene- gal, between latitudes 14° and 15° "N., sepa- rated from Banibuk by the river Faleme. The soil is very fertile and well watered, and yields millet, indigo, corn, rice, and cotton. " Gold and iron are found in considerable quanti- ties. Cotton fabrics are woven by the natives, who belong to the Fulah race and number about 30.000. The predominant religion is Moham- medanism. The King resides in Bulibaui, the capital, with a population of over 2000. BONDU'CA. The title of a tragedy by Fletcher, acted before Ifilil, but not printed"until 1647. It was several times altered, one of the alterations bearing a new title, Caractacus. It deals w'ith the unsuccessful defense of Britain by Boadicea against the Romans under Suetonius Paulinus. The same title was used for plays by Charles Hopkins (1G97) and Richard Glover (i75;j). BONE (AS. ban, Ger. TJeui, bone, leg; cf. Icel. heiiiij, .straight). The hard material of the skeletons or frameworks of nuimmalian animals, reptiles, most fishes, and birds. In the embryo, it is preceded by cartilage (q.v. ), which con- sists of cells massed together, except in the flat bones, as those of the skull and shoulder-blade, of which the jjrimary foundati(ms are to a great extent of fibrous tissue. Points or centres of ossification form, the cells alter their form and arrangcinent, and a deposit of earthy materials, phosphate and carbonate of lime, takes ])Iace, rendering the former ilexible substance rigid. By soaking a bone in dilute mineral acid, we can dissolve these earthy matters and render it again ilexible, ossein, or bone cartilage, alone remaining. On the other hand, if we expose it to intense heat, the animal matter (gelatin) is burned, and though the bone retains at first its form, a slight touch will cause its now un- supported earthy matter to crumble away. We .see, in the ill-nourished children of large towns, too many examples of how necessary is a proper relation of these two elements of bone to each other. In the disease called rickets (q.v.), the earthy matter is deficient, and the too fiexi- ble leg-bones bend under the weight of the trunk. In the aged person, again, the bone- substance becomes more densely packed with earthy matter and becomes brittle, rendering the bones peculiarly liable to fractures. Ani- mals lower in the scale than vertebrates have, in place of bone, minei'al concretiims or incrustations, principally consisting of car- bonate of lime. Besides constituting the skele- ton, bone occurs in plates in certain animals, as in turtles' integument, the heart of certain ruminants, the tongue of certain fishes, etc. The specific gravity of bone is between 1.87 and 1.97. It is twice as strong as oak, and a cubic inch of it will support 5000 pounds. The bones of the skeleton are classified ac- cording to their shapes — viz., as long bones (e.g. the thigh-bone and arm-bone), flat bones (as the sliouldcr-bladp and skull-bones), short and irregular bones (as those of the wrist or vertebra^). The substance of bones is arranged differently in different parts — either hard and close, which is called the condensed substance, or loose and rectieulated, called the cancellated structure. Lotif/ hones have a shaft of hard substance, tenninating at each end in soft or cancellated structure ; in the latter situations, the bone is more ex])anded and roimded off to enter into the formation of a joint. Ine/jiilar hones consist of a shell of condensed tissue, in- closing a mass of cancellated stnicture, and are smoothed off into surfaces adapted to those of the adjoining bones. Flat hones consist of two layers of hard tissue, with an intermediate can- cellated structure. Anatomists class as mixed hones those which are both long and flat, as the ribs, the breast-bone, and the lower jaw. Histology. Bone belongs under the general histological classification of connective tissue, its hardness being due to the deposition in its intercellular substance of calcareous matter. Bone may be divided into two varieties — com- pact and spongy. The former makes up the hard outer shell of the various bones, while the latter is found in the interior. Bones are cov- ered externally by the periosteum (q.v.). They are largely supplied with blood-vessels, which are carried into them from the periosteum, the larg- est being those which enter the cancellated ends of the long bones. The long bones arc^ hollow, the central portion being filled with marrow. This central canal is lined by a membrane which receives a special artery for the supply of the adjacent compact tissue. This vessel enters the bone rather above the mid-point, and divides into two branches — an ascending and a descend- ing — which subdivide and anast(miose with the vessels already mentioned as entering the can- cellated bone. -After the arteries enter the com- pact tissue of bone they run in small capillary canals, which permeate the bone and anastomose, forming Qbhmg loops or meshes. The veins of bone arc also contained in these canals, and are larger than the arteries. These capillary canals in which the vessels run arc named 'Haversian,' after their discoverer, Clopton Havers, an old English anatomist. They vary in dianu'ter fnmi WffS to ,Jj of an inch, 't'hey take a loiigituilinal direction, and if a transverse section is exam- ined under a microscope it appears pierced with holes, which are the Haversian canals cut across. Each canal is surroimded by its own layers of bone, forming a sort of thick-walled cylinder with the Haversian canal as the centre. Be- tween the layers are seen numbers of minute spaces arranged concentrically around the Ha-