Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/302

* BONAPARTE. 266 BONAPARTE. effected many benoficiiil olianges — such as the abolition of feudalism, the suppression of con- vents, the buildiiif; of roads, the repression of banditti, and the codification of hiws — but these reforms were not manajjed judiciously: and his humane endeavors frequently came into collision vitii the ambitions of his Imperial brother, who looked upon Naples simply as a province of the French Empire. He was a lover of the fine arts and a man of progressive ideas, but not a vigor- ous ruler for stormy times ; and he is accused of having left affairs too much in the hands of his minister, Salicetti. In 1S08 Joseph was sum- marily transferred by his brother to the throne of Spain, and JIurat took his place as King of Naples. Joseph was not able to cope with the Spanish insurgents, backed by the power of Eng- land, and after the defeat of the French at Vi- toria, in 181.?, he returned to his estate at Mor- fontaine, in France. When Napoleon recognized Ferdinand VII. as King of Spain. Joseph refused, at first, to abdicate, though he had many times before implored his brother to release him from his royal chains; but he soon submitted, as in all other matters, to the Emperor's will. After the battle of Waterloo he accompanied Napoleon to Kochefort. whence they intended to sail sepa- rately for North America. In his last interview with Napoleon Joseph generously offered to give up the vessel hired for his o ti escape, but meanwhile Napoleon had determined to surrender himself into the hands of the English. -After a residence of many years in the United States at Bordentown, N. J., where, as the Count de Survilliers, he employed himself in agriculture, Joseph went to England in 1832, having previous- ly addressed a letter to the French Chamlier of Deputies, in which he advocated the claims of his nephew, Charles Louis Napoleon. In 1841 he was allowed to return to his wife, who had remained in Italy since )81.5. He died in Florence, July 28, 1844. ".Joseph was the only one of his brothers for whom. Napoleon professed any liking. He was a handsome, intellectual-looking man. of ■distinguislied manners and polished speech. His wife, .Julia Marie Clary, born December 20, 1777, was the daughter of a wealthy citizen of Marseilles, and the sister-in-law of Ber- nadotte, Iving of Sweden. She was a quiet, tinambitious woman, with no taste for the splen- dors of royalty, which fell to her share dur- ing the few weeks only in Naples, for she never went to Spain. Ill health appears to have pre- vented her accompanying her husband to Amer- ica. She died in Florence, .pril 7. 1845. By her marriage with Joseph she had two daugh- ters: (I) Zenalde Charlotte Julie (1801-54), who became the wife of Lueien Bonaparte's son, the Prince of Canino: (2) Charlotte NapoliJone (1802-39), who married L«uis Napoleon (who died March 17, 1831 ), second son of Louis Bona- parte, King of Holland. BoxAP.RTE, LtciKN, ' Prince of Canino, and brother of Napoleon, was born March 21, 1775, and received his education at the College of Autim, the militjiry school at Brienne, and the seminary at Aix. Kising gradually from one office to another, he was elected to the Council of Five Hundred, spoke against the wasteful dis- tribution of State property, and formed a party favorable to the views of his brother Najjoleon. Shortly before the 18th Brumaire (1799), he was elected president of the Council of Five Hundred, and was the hero of thatday. Afterwards appoint- ed Minister of the Interior, he was active in the encouragement of education, art, and science, and organized the prefectures. As ambassador to Jladrid, 1800, he contrived to gain the confidence of King Charles IV. and his favorite (jodoy, thus putting aside the British infiuence which had imtil then boon exercised at the Court of Spain. It is said that for his services in the treaty of peace concluded between Spain and Portugal, September 29, 1801, he received 5,000,000 francs. His constant opposition to Napoleon's progress toward monarchy involved Lueien in several mis- understandings with his brother: and their quar- rel was brought to an issue by Lucien's second marriage against the wishes of Napoleon. The crowns of Italy and Spain were offered to Lueien on condition that he would divorce his wife; but he refused them, and preferred living in retire- ment at his estate of Canino. in the Province of Viterbo, near the frontier of Tuscany, where he devoted his time to art and science. Here he enjoyed the friendship of the Popei who created him I'rince of Canino; but having denounced in his private capacity the arrogant and cruel ])olicy of his brother toward the Court of Rome, he was 'advised' to leave the city in which he was at that period residing. In 1810 he took ship for America, but fell into the hands of the English ; was taken to England, and after a debate in Parliament was declared to be a prisoner, but treated with distinction. L'pon his brother's do^^^lfall he returned to Rome. After the defeat of Waterloo Lueien maintained his presence of mind, advising his brother to dissolve the chambers and assume the place of absolute dictator. After the Res- toration of Louis XVIII., Lueien lived for some time in and near Rome. In 1830 he went to England, visited Gennany in 1838, and died at Viterbo, Jtme 29, 1840. Lueien possessed con- siderable talents and finnness of character. He was in his early years an ardent republican, but the weakness of the Directory convinced him that a military consulship was necessary to allay the social anarchy of France. He consequently threw himself eagerly into the designs of his brother, but protested against the establishment of a hereditary monarchy. As a writer he was by no means successful. His long and tedious epic poem, Charlemagne, ou VEglise d<7trrt%, in 23 cantos, was written and published in I^ondon, and was dedicated to the Pope (1814), Another heroic poem, La Ci/rueidc, on- la Corse suiivee, followed in 1819. The Jlemoires secrets stir la r.ie privec politique et litteraire de Lueien Bonaparte (2 vols., I^ondon, 1819), of which .Mphonse de Bcauchamp is stipposed to be the author, is an untrustworthy book, Jjucien was the father of a numerous family. In 1794 he married Christine Boyer, the daughter of a citizen of Saint Maximin. After her death he married, in 1802, the widow of a stock-broker, Madame Jouberthon. who survived him. By his first marriage be had two daughters — Charlotte (1790-1805), who married Prince Oabrielli of Rome; and Christine (1798-1847), who married first a Swedish count named Posse, and then Lord Dudley-Stuart. By his second marriage Lueien had nine children. Charles Lueien Jules Laurent (eldest son of Lueien). Prince of Canino and Musignano, was bom in Paris in 1803. He never exhibited any inclination for political life.