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BHARTRIHARI. Vairagi/aSataka, Edited uith Notes and an Eng- lish Translation (Bombay, 1898) ; Trimbak, Bhartriltari's Xiti- and Wiirapya-iatakas, Bom- bay Sanskrit Series (1874) ; a complete edition of the tliree l<atakas, with the native Sanskrit commentary; Nirnaya-Sagara Press Series (Bom- bay, 1892) ; Von Bohlen, Bhartrihari's Sententice (Berlin, 1833) ; and the same writer's German translation. Die Spriiche dcs Bhartriharis (Ham- burg, 1835) ; Regnaiid, Lcs stances irotitjues, morales ct religieuses de Bhartriliari (Paris, 1875) : Tawney, Tiro Centuries of Bhartrihari (London, 1877) ; Wortham, Translation of the Satakas of Bhartriliari (London, 1886) ; More, A Century of Indian Epigrams, Chiefly from the Sanskrit of Bhartrihari (Boston and New York, 1898) : Takakusu, A Record of the Buddhist Re- ligion by I-Tsing (Oxford, 1898) ; and an edition of the Vakya-padiya in the Benares Sanskrit Series, ed. GrilTith and Tliibaut (1892).

BHASKARA ACHAEYA, b'hiis'ka-rii 4- char'ya (Bhaskara the Learned; 8kt. acarya, teacher), born in 1144. One of the best known of the Hindu mathematicians. He was the sixth successor of Brahmagupta. at the head of the college of astronomers of Ujjain. Of his great work, the l<iddhantaciromani (Crowning of the System ), only three chapters have been trans- lated, the first two, viz. the Lilacati and the Bija Ganita (treating of arithmetic and algebra ) , by Colebrook in 1817: the third chapter treats of the sphere. Following the Hindu custom, he wrote in verse, but, unlike his predecessors, he added explanations in prose.

BHATTI, bTiaf te. A poet of India, to be as- signed probably to the Sixth Century a.d., and sometimes identified with Bhartrihari (q.v.). He wrote the Bhattikarya, an artificial epic, very skillfully constructed for the purpose of illustrating grammatical and rhetorical rules. The Bhattikarya was first published at Calcutta in 1828. The best edition is that of Bapata ( 1887 ).

BHATTIAS, b'hiit't^az, or BHATNIAR. A name applied to the natives of the Hissar district and the adjacent country in the Punjab. The population is composite; the higher classes, who established themselves in the country about the Fourth Century of our era, are Rajputs ; the lower (agriculturists and cattle-breeders) are Jats, who are said to have some Mongolian blood in their veins. The latter, although they have by imitation adopted the Islamic religion of the Rajputs, retain many primitive features of their older heathenism, while their language is less Aryan than the tongue of their supplanters. See Jats.

BHATTIKAVYA, b'liat'tS-kSv'ya (Skt. Bhatti + Kaiya, poem). A San.skrit poem, written by a grammarian, Bhatti. Though it recites the deeds of Rama, it is disfigured by the excessive ingenuity of the author, who attempts to make it a complete exemplification of gram- mar.

BHAVABHUTI, b'ha'vab'hUiJ'tt. A noted Sanskril, dramatist, who sliares with Sudraka Kalidasa and Ilarsha (q.v.) the honors of the early Hindu stage. He flourished during the latter part of the Seventh Century a.u. and the beginning of the Eighth Century, and he en- joyed the patronage of Vasovarman, King of Kanyakubja ( mod. Kanauj ). It is judged from his writings that he was a native of south Cen- tral India ; it is also presumed that part of his life was spent at the city of Ujjain. Three dramas, all of recognized merit, preserve Bhava- bhuti's name to fame. The first is the ilalati- madhara, sometimes called the Hindu Romeo and Juliet; the second is entitled J/a/iii-iira- carita, or the fortunes of the great hero Rama; the third, Uttara-raiiia-carita, the later fortunes of Ranui. is a sequel to the second. There Is an edition of the Malati-madhara by M. R. Telang (Bombay, 1892) ; a translation by H. H. Wilson, Theatre' of the Hindus, 3d ed. (London, 1871) ; and by L. Fritze (Leipzig, 1883; Reclam Series) ; furthermore, ilaha-rira-carita, edited bv F. H. Trithon (London, 1848) ; translation by J. Pick- ford (London, 1871); and Ctara-ramaoarita, edited bv S. G. Bhanap (2d ed. Bombav. 1893) ; by V. S.'Patvardhan (Xagpur, 1895) ; by T. R. R. Aivar and K. P. Parab (Bombav, 1899) : trans- lated by C. H. Tawney (Calcutta, 1874). Con- sult Levi, Le theatre indien (Paris, 1890).

BHAWAXPUR, b'ha'wil-poor'. See Baha- WAI.PIR.

BHEL (bel) FRiriT. See JEaiM.

BHIL, bol, or BHEEL. The name of a Kola- rian or ilunda people of Central India, in the Vindhya Hills, and to the south of the river Xerbudda, toward Bombay. They are the rem- nant of an autochthonous race that peopled Raj- putana and ilalwa before the Aryan invasion. Their language belongs to the Kolarian stock of Indian tongues. In Sanskrit literature their name is mentioned with disdain. They are short, dark-skinned, and have some traces of Aryan and perhaps also of Dravidian blood. The English, to whom they remained faithful during the Se- poy Mutiny, have made some use of them as soldiers and policemen, and they have latterly paid a little attention to agriculture. A feature of their religion is the worship of Mother Amba Bhavani. Among some of them a harmless relic of widow-burning sun-ives ; also tree-marriage, and other quaint customs. An account of the Bhils, by Kincaid, appeared in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute (Limdon, 1879). Consult also: Rowney, Wild Tribes of India (London. 1882) ; and Reelus, Primitive Folk (New York. 1891).

BHIL'SA, or BIL'SA ( Skt. Bidi<:a ). A town of Bhopal. Central India, on the Betwa, 188 miles south of (Jwalior. and 32 miles northeast of Bhopal (Map: India, C 4). It is noted for the Buddhist topes at Sanchi, in the vicinity, and for its temples. The tobacco raised on the land in the neighborhood of Bhilsa is said to be the finest produced in all India. Its superiority is entirely owing to careful cultivation. Popula- tion about 9700. Consult Maiscy, iianchi andits Remains (London, 1892).

BHIMA, be'ma, BEEMAH, or BIMAH. A river of India, a branch of the Kistna (q.v.), rising in tlie table-land of the Poona District, in the Presidency of Bombay, at an elevation of 3090 feet above the level of the sea (Map: India, Co). It flows in a southeastward direction, and falls into the Kistnah, in latitude 16° 24' N., longitude 77° 20' E., after a course of more than 400 miles.