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* BOLOGNA. 256 BOLOGNA VIAL. There are at present about 1500 students. The Aroh:T>ological Museum is one of the most impor- tant in the country. It is ridi in treasures from the Ktruscan Period, and in medals, illumina- tions, and sculptures of the Renaissance. The Academy of Fine Arts contains Raphael's famous "Saint Cecilia"; otherwise it is chiefly remark- able as illustrating the local Bolognese School, not only the earlier men,Jike Francia, but espe- cially the school of the Carracei (q.v.). Bologna possesses also one masterpiece of Barocco sculp- ture in the colossal statue of Neptune by Gio- vanni Bologna on the Giant's Fountain. Earlier sculptures of considerable merit are scattered through the churches. The political history of Bologna after the adoption, in the Twelfth Century, of its demo- cratic communal institutions shows at first a predominance of the Imperial or Ghibelline Party: but after a long and sanguinary contest between democratic Guelfs and aristocratic Ghib- ellines the former triumphed. The city then fell into the arms of the Papacy. Direct Papal rule was imposed by Cardinal Albornoz and Julius II.. resulting in the loss of the city's liberties and the decline of its prosperity (150G). Here Leo X. and Francis I. met in 1.51.5: here Charles V. was crowned in 1.530 by Clement VII. Bologna remained a part of the Papal territory imtil 179, ■when it was taken by the French troops under Augereau and made by Xapoleon the capital of the Cispadane Republic. It reverted to the Papal States in 1815. but became a hotbed of revolu- tionary and national movements, such as those of 1831 and 184!). In the latter year it was taken by the Austrians. who held it until the war of 1859, when the defeat of that power by France and Sardinia made an Italian kingdom possible. The Bolognese. by an overwhelmingvote (18G0), decided for annexation to the dominions of Victor Ennnanuel. Consult: Muzzi, Compendia della storia di Bologna (Bologna, 1875): Ricci, Guida di Bo- logna (Bologna. 1882) : Burton, Elnixcan Bo- logna (London, IS7(i) : Taine, If ah/ (New York, 1877) ; Hare, Cities of Italy (London, 1884) ; Tuekerman, Italian Sketches (New York, 1891). BOLOGNA, GlovAXNl ( properly .Tean Bou- LOG.NE) ( 1524 or 1530-1008). A sculptor of the Italian Renaissance, but of Flemish origin. He was born at Douai ; after studying at Antwerp, went to Rome, where he came under the inlhience of Michelangelo; and finally settled in Florence. His work is for the most part classic in subject, boldly e.ecuted, with great technical knowledge and fine poetic feeling. He excelled especially in bronzes. His chef d'tcuvre is usually esteemed to be the "Rape of the .Sabines" in the Loggia de' Lanzi, Florence, where is also his "Hercules and Xessus." His "Flying Mercury" ( Museo Xazionale), delicately ])oised and graceful, is known to all by numerous reproductions. Other principal works are the Fountain of Xeptune in Bologna, a bronze Venus in Petraca, and the statue of Duke Ferdinand in Florence, which inspired Browning's "The Statue and the Bust." Consult: A. Desjardins, La vie et I'oeuvre de Jean Boulogne (Paris, 1884). BOLOGNA, U.MVERSITV of. One of the old- est and most famous universities in the world, though Paris, if not ohler, rivals it in anti(piity. and Salerno had a school of medicine at a very early date. The origin of all these foundations Is obscure. A school of law existed in Bologna in the Eleventh Centtiry, and out of this the uni- ersity grew, although the faculties of medicine and of the liberal arts did not come into promi- nence before the Fourteenth Century. Irnerius, the famous teacher of the Civil Law, brought great renown to Bologna in the early half of the Twelfth Century. This renown was augmented by the subsequent publication of the great Decrc- tum or Digest of the Canon Law. compiled by Gratian, one of the doctors of the university. For the iirst time the Church now had its body of laws comparable with those of the State, and the Corpus Juris Cononici took its place by the side of the Corpus Juris Ciiilis, and both these epoch-making works are among the glories of the University of Bologna. Fa- vored in its earlier years by the Emperors for its knowledge of the Civil Law, which was of great value to the Empire, it was favored by the Popes, in later times, for the ser'ice rendered to the Papacy by the Digest of the Canon Law. In ISdO Innocent VI. established here a school of theologj'. The University profited not less by private than by public benefactions, and rose to remarkable prosperity in the later Middle Ages. The number of students is said to have been about 10.000. Its organization was prob- ably a guild of students or scholars as opposed to the other medi.neval form, a guild of masters, such as prevailed in Paris. As early as 1158 these received a charter of privileges from Fred- erick I. known as the Authentica Hahita, The students were divided according to nationalities, and these were again subdivided. At first, as elsewhere, four nations seem to have existed : bur later, after much subdivision, two great organizations emerge — the Citramontani or Ital- ians and the Ultramontani or foreigners — each with its own ollicers and administration. One of the notable features of the later history of Bologna was its admission of women as both students and instructors, among the latter being Xovella d'Andrea, Laura Bassi, Mmc. Mazzo- lini, and Clotilda Tambroni. The study of anat- omy has been here promoted by many illustrious teachers — Vesalius among the number; and it was here that l.uigi Galvani made the famous diseoerv which perpetuates his name. At pres- ent Bologna has about 1500 students, and com- prises faculties of I'hilosuphy and Letters, Math- ematics and Science, .Iuris])rudence. Jlcdicine and Surgery, Pharmacy, 'eterinary Surgery, an En- gineering School, a School 'of Drawing and .rehitecture, a School of Politics, and one of Criminal Law. The library (of which Cardinal Mezzofanti, the ce!el)rated linguist, was once li- brarian), founded in lODS. contains 255,000 vol- umes. 4S.000 pamplilets, 5000 MSS. and 880 incunabula. The University celebrated its eighth centenary in .Tunc, 1888. See Gbatiax; Canon Law; civil Law, etc. BOLOGNA VI'AL, or FLASK (first made in Bologna). .- sliort. thick, narrow glass ves- sel, closed at one end. and open at the other, which the glass-blower prepares from each pot of the melted mixture before employing it in the fashioning of tumblers, glasses, bottles, etc. (See Glass.) It serves the purpose of enabling the glass manufacturer to judge of the color and other conditions of the fused glass or metal: and as the jar is not subjected to anneal-