Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/290

* BOLLES. 254 BOLOGNA. ■was professor of mercantile law and banking in the University of Pennsylvania. He was then, for eight years, chief of tiie Pennsylvania Bureau of huiusti-ial Statistics, anil subsequently l)ecauie lecturer at the University of Pennsylvania and at Havcrford College. Amoufj his publications are: Financial History of the United States from 17~4 to nS!) (1879) ; Financial History of the United States from 1789 to 1S60 ( 1883) ; Financial His- tory of the United States from 1860 .to ISSii (1886); Practical Banking (1884); Industrial History of the United States (1878) ; The Con- flict lietween Labor and Capital (1870); The History of Fennsylvania (1890); and American Fina,we (1901). BOLLES, FiiAXK (lS5(i-94). An Anieric;ui autlu)r. born iu Winchester, Mass. He receive<l his law education in Washington, D. C, and at Harvard; gave himself up to literary work, be- came an editor of the Boston Advertiser, and finally secretary to Harvard University, where he labored successfully to aid poor students. He was also conspicuous as a writer of nature studies, somewliat in the manner of Thorean. In prose he produced the following works: The Land of the Linqering Snow (1891); At the 'North of Bear 'Camp ^Yatcr (189:^); From Blomidon to Smoky (1894); and, in verse, Choeonia Tenants (189S). BOLLWORM bol'wflrm {holl, the round pod or capsule of cotton + icorw). The widely de- sti-uctive caterpillar of a nocturnal moth (Helio- this armigera) . "Of popular names." says C. V. Eiley, who studied and wrote extensively upon it, "it lias one for almost every plant upon which it feeds and for every country which it inliabits, and as it is almost cosmopolitan and a very gen- eral feeder, these names are many. Throughout cotton-growing States it is very generally known as the "bollworm' when it occurs upon cotton ; when it occurs upon corn it is called the 'corn- -worm' or 'earworm.' ... In many Southern States it is known in the early part of the sea- son as the 'cornbud-w'orm.' Tien found upon tomatoes it is the 'tomato-worm.' " It attacks a great variety of vegetables and tlowers (gladio- lus, etc.), and' in Europe feeds upon maize, hemp, tobacco, lucerne, etc. It usually produces two to five broods iu a season, and ranks among the most destructive and dillicult to combat of all injurious insects. The moth has an expanse of about 1% inches; the general color of the upper surface varies from light greenish-gray to a rich yellow-gray, almost tawny, and the markings vary muoJi in intensity and size. The moths fly in the evening dusk, seeking the flowers of some suitable plant of the season, and dei)ositing their eggs u]ion the surface of. or more often near to, the llower-bud. When Indian corn is about to flower this plant seems preferred to anything else (save perhaps cotton) then available; and tomatoes with corn near them will be saved to a great extent by this preference. The egg hatches soon, and the young caterpillar begins to feed and to make its way steadily tow;ird flower-bud or boll, searching patiently for it until foinid. when it begins at once to feed there, destroying the essential parts of the inifolded flower of corn or other plant, or ruining the cotton-lxdl, whether more or less advanced. ".'Vs the bollworms in- crease in size, a most wonderful diversity of color and marking becomes aiiparent. In color, differ- ent individuals will vary from a brilliant green to a deep pink or a dark bro^vn, exhibiting almost every conceivable intermediate st.ige. and from an immaculate, unstriped specimen to one with regu- lar spots and many stripes." In addition to their feeding upon this vegetable matter, these cater- pillars are carnivorous, .seizing and devouring each other whenever opportunity offers, and in- variably doing so when shut uj) together in a breeding-cage or traveling-cage, until only one remains. At the end of about three weeks the worms drop to the ground, wcjrk their wa3' sev- eral inches into the soil, and. spinning a mantle of silk about them, become reddish-brown jiol- ished pnpa>. In the warmer parts of the United States no less than five broods appear. It is the third or July brood which does most harm to the corn, and the fourth (August) brood that furnishes the bollworm i)roper and the greatest destruction to cotton, while 'bud worms' are those of the spring hatching. The fifth brood winters as chrysalis and maintains the race. Bibliography. C. V. Riley, Third Report In- sects of Missouri; Annual Reports United Slates Department Agriculture (Washington, 1881); Fourth I'cport United States Entomological Com- mission (Washington, 1885) ; Lintner, First Fr- f.ort Insects of New York (Albany, 188.3) ; Malley, Bulletin No. 2.}, United States Depart- ment [iiii< iilture (Washington, 1891). BOLOGNA, bo-lo'nya (anciently, Lat. Bono- nia). A city of Italy, in Romagna, capital of the Province of Bologna, situated in a fertile ])lain at the foot of the Apennines, where the ancient Via -Emilia intersected the Reno (Map: Italy. F 3). Industrially Bologna is of great im])ortanee. The products for which the city is especially famous are niiicaroni. Bologna sau- sages, liquors, and canned fruit. There are also large manufactures of silk, linen, glass, leather, and machinery. The commerce is considerable, and is greatly facilitated by excellent railway connections. Bologna is the seat of a court of appeals and of an archbishop. It has a large garrison. The population of the city, including the suburbs, was 123,274 in 1881 and 152,00!) in 1901. The city was called in the early Middle Ages La Dotta, 'the Learned,' on account of its great university; or La Lit)e,ra, from its democratic constitution; and later La flrassa, for the fertil- it_y of its soil and its wealth. Abciiitecti KAi, FEATURES. The town has not Ijeen generally rebuilt, and its narrow, irregular streets, numerous towers, and old palaces give it a media-val aspect. In both the new and old ipiarters the facades of most of the houses over- bang the second story, being supixirted on vault- ed arcades. These arcades extend for miles in every direction. f(U-ming open galleries, protected from the we;ither, where all the sho))s are sit- uated — an arrangement which never has been so thoroughly carried out in any other city. Many of these arcades date from the Thirteenth to the Sixteenth Century, when the city was most flourishing, and illustrate both (iothic and Renai.ssanee civil architecture in brick and terra- cotta. The finest are the ])ortico of the Banchi (Sixteenth Century), imder buildings by 'i- gnola, and the portico of the Servi, built in 1312 by Manfredi. The later colossal portico of the Scalzi is 1700 feet long, with 107 arches. The longest of all the arcades are tIio,se leading from the city to the pilgrimage Cliurch of the Ma-