Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/280

* BOKHARA. 246 BOLD STROKE FOR A HUSBAND. khara into Russi.in vassalage. In return for complete obedience, the Russians gave the Ameer active assistance in suppressing revolt within his possessions. Thus, in 1*^68. the Russians dis- persed the hordes of rebels who wanted to en- throne the Ameer's eldest son, Abdul-JIalik- IMirza. After the Russian expedition against Khiva (187.3), Bokhara was given a large strip of Khivan territory for supplying the Rus- sian army of invasion with cmiiels and provi- sions. In 1S77 the territory of Bokhara was ex- jiandod eastward by the conquest of Darwaz and Karategin. In ISS.i the present Ameer, Sayid- Abdul-Ahad, came to the throne. In 1880 he abol- ished slavery. He visited Saint Petersburg in 1893, and left there the heir to the throne to be given a Russian education. The .-Xmeer has now bec(J!ne a mere pupjiet in Russian hands. Consult: Viimbi'ry, Histort/ of Bokhara from the Earliest Period to the Present Time (Lon- don, 1873) ; Curzon, Russia in Central Asia (1889) and The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus (London, 1897) ; Le Messurier, From Lon- don to Bokhara (London, 1899) ; O'Donovan, The Merv Oasis, 2 vols. (London, 1880) ; Reclus, "Asiatic Russia and the Middle Asiatic Khan- ates," in Universal Geography (Paris, 1S7G-94) ; Capus, .1 trovers le roi/oume dc Tamerlan (Paris, 1892) ; Rickmers, "Travels in Bokhara," Geographical Journal, Vol. XIV. (London, 1899). BOKHARA (ilongol. bukhar, church). The capital of tlie khanate of the same name, and one of the most important commercial centres of Central Asia, situated in a valley near the river Zerafshan, and only a few miles from the Trans- Caspian Railway '(Map: Asia, Central, J 2). It is irregularly built and surrounded by a high mud wall. The streets are narrow and crooked and mostly unpavcd. The houses, built, as a rule, of mud or clay, are low and withoiit windows on the streets. i?azars, both covered and open, are numerous and well stocked with Oriental wares as well as with European manufactures. Bo- khara has as many mosques as streets, but only a few of them are noteworthy. The chief of them is the Mirghara, surmounted by a cu|)ola 100 feet high, covered with blue tiles. .-Vdjoining it is the high minaret which was used until 1871 for the e.xccution of criminals by hurling them from its top. The citadel, is situated on an artificial elevation, and contains the palace of the .mccr, the houses of the higher oflicials, the jail, and the water-cisterns. The city is inter- sected in several directions by a canal, which is spanned by nvmierous bridges. Bokhara is re- garded as a centre of culture in Central Asia, and contains about sixty high medresses and a large numlier of minor ones. There are a considerable number of manufacturing establish- ments, producing silk iibrcs, coarse cloth, blades, and other metal articles. The commerce is car- ried on to a large extent in articles of Russian manufacture, textiles, leather articles, etc. A few miles distant from the capital, on the rail- way line, is situated a small Russian settlement named Russian Bokhara, and containing about 300 inhabitants. The population of the capital is estimated at 00.000. BOKHARA CLOVER. See Meulot. BOL, bul. Ferdinand (1010-80). A Dutch painter and etcher, horn in Dordrecht. lie was the favorite pupil of Rembrandt in .msterdam. and much indueneed by him in his early career, but later adopted a style dilVcring materially from that of his master. His biblical and his- torical compositions are less satisfactory than his portraits, for which he was highly esteemed. His principal works are to be found in Gouda, Leyden, and Amsterdam. Noteworthy also are ■■]{ci)ose in Egypt." ".Jacoli's Dream," and ".Toseph Before Pharaoh," all in the Dresden Gallery. One of his best-known portraits is that of Rem- brandt's wife, Saskia, in the Brussels Museum. BO'LA BO'LA, or BO'RA BO'RA, One of the Society Islands (q.v.), aljout 200 miles to the northwest of Tahiti, in latitude 10° 30' S. and longitude 1.52° E. (Map: World, L C). It rises to a height of nearly 2400 feet, is fertile, and has a population of about 1800 inhabitants. BO'LANDEN, Konr.^d von. See Bischoff, Joseph Eni.VKn KoNU.vn. BOLAN (bo-Uin') PASS. A defile in the mountains of British Baluchistan on the great highway leading uj) from the Indus via Shikar- pur, Dadar, and t^ticttah to Kandahar. It ex- tends northwestwiird from the neighljorhood of Dadar, for a distance of ab(mt 55 miles, until it reaches a plateau nearly (iOOO feet above the sea. The average ascent is about 90 feet to the mile. It is bounded throughout by eminences .500 feet- in height. A military railroad has been con- structed by the British at great expense through the Bolan Pass to connect Sindh with Kandahar. It is now completed as far as the border of Afghanistan. BOLAS. bolas (Sp. hola, ball, from Lat. hulla, bubble, round object). A luuiting weapon used by various tribes of Mexico and South America, particularly those of the Pampas. It consists of three leather-covered balls of clay or stone, radiating from a central knot and attached to the end of a stout rawhide rope. It is thrown from horseback in such a way as to entanglr the legs of the animal and hold it until the hunter comes up. BOLBEC, bol'bek'. A town of France in the Department of Seine-Inferieure, about 18 miles from Havre ( Jlap : France, G 2 ). The Bolbec, on which it stands, supplies water-power for its mills, where cotton, Avoolen. and linen goods are manu- factured. It has also considerable trade in grain, horned cattle, and horses. P(q)ulation, in 1890, 12,239. Consult "Cites OuvriSres de Bolbec," in 'Xoucclles Annates de la Constitution (Paris, 1878). BOLDINI, bol-dc'ne, Giovanni (1845—). An ltali:in painter. He was born in Ferrara. studied at the Florence Academy, and worked for some time in London. He is known for his genre pictures, landscapes, and portraits. The last, by reason of accuracy and finish in drawing and skill in characterization, are particularly excel- lent. His works, many of which arc in .merican private collecticms, include the following: "The C<mnoisscur," "Gossips," "Delivering the De- spatch," "Kitchen Garden," and "Portrait of Jb-nzcl." BOLDRE'WOOD, brdMer-wyd, Rolf (Thomas Alexander Browne). See Australian Litera- ti' ke. BOLD STROKE FOR A HUSBAND, A. The title nf a comedy by Mrs. Hannali Parkliouse Cowley (1782). It has two plots. In one.