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* BOG. 227 BOGERT. bogs and black bogs, the former being filled by vegetable matter in a more advanced stage of decomposition. It is said that the red bogs of Ireland cover l.SOO.OOO acres. The term 'climb- ing bogs" is applied to those formed on hill- sides, the supply of moisture being kept up by mountain springs. In many regions the peat is dug and utilized for fuel. Vhcn properly treat- ed, bogs also yield arable land of much value. The reclamation of bogs for farming purposes involves the proper drainage of the area, and the plowing up of the soil in order to aerate it and bring about the necessary oxidation proc- esses. In some cases clay is plowed in, although this requires time and expense. Oats are usu- ally the best first crops. In Devon many bogs are cultivated as grass-meadows. In many lo- calities in threat Britain the people have used ■pattens' — boards fastened upon the soles of the feet — for ■alking over bogs. The bog-oak is a tree favoring peat-bogs ; the ■ wood of the tree is black and dense, and is used for carvings. The word bog is of Irish origin, being from a Gaelic root that signifies a bob- bing, quaking motion. See Bent Grass; Waste L.XDS : Peat ; Sphagjcum. BO'GAARD, Martin van den. See Desjab- DiNS. Martin van den Bogaakd. BOGAEKS, bo'gars, ADBIA.AN (1795-lSTO). A Dutch poet, born at The Hague. He studied lin- guistics, and there were published two posthu- mous volumes of his, entitled respectively, Taal- kundige opstellcn (Philological Papers, 1872) and JVoordenhock op de dichtucrken van Bildcrdijk (Lexicon of Bilderdijk's Poetical Works, 1878), Better known, howecr, are his poems Dc Toyt van fleemskerk naar Gibraltar (Tlie Voyage of Heemskerk to Gibraltar, 1842) and Jochebed flSfil). His collected poems have been edited by X. Beets (Haarlem, 1871). BO'GAN. or New-Ye.b En-EB. The Allan Water of Oxiey, an interior stream of east Aus- tralia, joins the Darling after a generally north- westerly course of more than 300 miles, about latitude 30° S. and longitude 14(i° E. Its source is in the Harev range, about latitude 33° S. and longitude 148° 30' E. BOGAR'DUS,. .neke. See Jans, Anneke. BOGARDUS, E-ER.4.RDrs ( ? -1647). A minister of the early Dutch Reformed Church in New. isterdam, the second minister in the colony. In 1038 he married Anneke Jans, a widow, who owned 60 acres of land in what is now an important business part of New York. The farm subsequently came into possession of Trinity Church and up to 1847 was the occasion of many lawsuits for recovery by the descend- ants of one of the heirs of Anneke Jans and Bogardus. In 1647 Bogardus sailed for Hol- land to answer certain charges made by his ec- clesiastical superiors, but lost his life by ship- wreck in Bristol Channel.' See Jans, Anneke. BOGARDUS, James (1800-74). An Ameri- can inventor. He was bom in New York, and became a watchmaker and engraver. His in- ventions include the eight-daj-, three-wheeled chronometer clock, and other improvements in timepieces; the ring-fiver for spinning cotton; the eccentric mill, in which both stones run the same way, but with different speed; an engrav- ing-machine; a transfer machine for producing banknote plates from separate dies; the first dry gas-meter; the first pencil-ease without a slot; a medallion engraving-machine; a machine for engine-turning; an improved method for making postage-stamps, etc, ; a nuu'hine for pressing glass; several machines for cutting and working india-rubber; a new pyrometer; a dynamometer; and other contrivances of less importance. In 1847 he erected in New York for his factory a cast-iron building, the first one of that material ever erected. Soon afterwards he introduced wrought-iron beams. BOG-ASPHODEL. See AsPironEL. BOG-BUMPER, BOG-JUMPER, or BOG- PUMPER. Names for the bittern, BOG-BUTTER, An organic compound which has been found in the bogs of Ireland, and is known mineralogically as Buti/rellite. Its prop- erties and chemical composition led to the sup- position that it was of vegetable origin, and had been formed by the decomposition of the peat in which it was found, especially so in consequence of its general resemblance to mineral resins, such as asphalt and bitumen. However, a thor- ough examination by McAdam in 188.5 seemed to demonstrate its animal origin, as all of the samples analyzed showed the presence of hairs that were microscopically identical with those of a cow. It is probably safe to say that it is a variety of adipocere — i.e. that it was formed by the decomposition of animal matter out of contact with the air. It resembles butter in color and consistency, and becomes liquid at 51° C. (1-23.8° F.). BOGDANOVTTCH, bog'da-no'veeh, Ippolit rEouoBoviTCii (1744-1803). A Russian poet, born at Perevolotchna, Little Russia. His fame rests entirely upon his poem Dushenka, pub- lished in 1773. The story of Psyche forms the groundwork of the poem, which is character- ized by ,a refined and graceful style and vivacious playfulness of language. Its publication made him famous, as well as obtained for him the high favor of the Court ; but there can be no doubt that the popularity of the work was as much owing to the adventitious circumstances in which it was produced — nothing of the kind hav- ing been previously attempted in Russia — as to its intrinsic merits. Though he wrote much af- terwards, he never equaled his first performance. BO'GERMAN, .Tan (1.576-1637). A Dutch theologian, born at Oplewcrt, East Friesland. He actively participated in the Arminian con- troversy, was in 1618 president of the Synod of Dort, and in 1633 became professor of divinity at the University of Franeker. In addition to his translation of the De la punition den hi-rv- tiqiics of Beza as Van lut kctter straffcn (1601), he published the polemical Atinotulioiiis contra H. Urotium. He prepared, in collaboration with four others, a vernacular translation of the Bible. This rendering, of which the Old Testa- ment was for the most part by him, continues to be the common Dutch version. BO'GERT, George H. (1864 — ). An Ameri- can artist, bom in New York City. He was a pupil at the National Academy of Design, and afterwards went to Paris, where he studied under Puvis de Chavannes, .ime Morot, and E, Boudin, He obtained the Webb prize for landscape in 1898, the fir.st Uallgarten prize in