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* BODLEY. 220 BODY AND MIND. his letters, was published under the title of Reliquiw Hodleianæ (London, 1703). See Bod- leian Library. BOD'MER, Charles (1809-0.5). A Swiss en- graver, burn in Zurich. His works include draw- ings, etchings, engravings, and paintings for books and magazines. His favorite subjects are the environs of Fontainebleau, wlicre he lived. He received a medal at the Expositions of 1851, 1855, and 1863, and the Cross of the Legion of Honor in 1876. BODMER, Georg (178G-1864). A noted Swiss mechanic, born in Zurich. He was apprenticed to a mechanic in Hauptweil, and made valuable improvements in wool-spinning machinerj' in 1805. In 1808 he invented a cannon for firing bombs which exploded upon striking. He con- tinued to manufacture and improve industrial machinery and firearms, and in 1824 established large works in Manchester. England. Subse- quently he turned his attention to railway con- struction in Austria. BODMER, JoHANN Jakob (1698-1783). A German-Swiss poet and critic. He was born in Greifensee, became professor in Ziivich. and was chief mover in the emancipation of German lit- erature from French classic tradition. He pub- lished, with Breitinger, a critical periodical Dis- kiu-se der Maler (1721-23), which attacked the then popular poets of the Silesian School. His seethetic writings, especially Tom ^yunderbaren in dcr Poesie, precipitated a literary war between him and the powerful Leipzig critic Gottsched (q.v.). While he at first hailed Klopstock as a worthy successor to Jlilton. he later on became involved in a personal quarrel with him, and he totally failed to appreciate the new development in German literature due to Lessing and Wie- land. Schiller's Riiuher he criticised unmerci- fully. He revealed, however, to Germany the beauties of the Minnesingers and of the Nibelun- gen, translated Milton's Paradise Lost and Ho- mer, and did much to awaken in Germany an interest in English literature. Consult: Breit- maier, Geschichte der poetischen Theorie und Kritik von den Diskursen dcr Maler bis auf Les- sing (2 vols., Frauonfeld, 1888-80) ; and Bach- told, Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur in der Schweiz (Frauenfeld, 1802). BODTttlN (from Cynir., Celt, hod, dwelling + min, high rock; or possibly bod-iiianach. dwelling of monks). The county town of Cornwall, Eng- land, 26 miles west-northwest of Plymouth (Map: England, B 6). It consists principally of one street a mile long. Its ancient church is one of the largest in Cornwall, but has been much injured through frequent restoration. It has an ancient grammar school, founded by Queen Elizabeth, a hospital, and the county lunatic asylum. Its chief trade is in cattle, horses, and sheep. Population, in 1891, 5100; in 1901, 5400. Bodmin arose in the Tenth Cen- tury, and was long an important place, having a priory, a cathedral, and thirteen churches. Consult Guide to Itodmin and Neighborhood (Truro, 1872). BODONI, bi*j-dO'ni Giambattista (1740- I81.'i). An Italian type-cutter and printer. The son of a printer, he was born in Saluzzo, Pied- mont, and was successively a compositor in Rome and the superintendent of the Duke of Parma's private press. He was distinguished rather for liis elegance than for his accuracy, and is best known by his editions of the Iliad, Vergil, and Ihe Lord's Prayer, the last in 155 languages. Worthy of mention, too, is his ilanuale tipo- gra/ico (1818). He died in Padua. For his life, consult Bemardi (Saluzzo, 1873). BODY, Charles William Edmund (1851 — ). An English theologian. He was born at Clap- ham, England, and was educated at Saint .John's College, Cambridge. He was provost and vice- chancellor of Trinity University, Toronto, Can- ada, from 1881 to 1894. His principal publica- tion is The Permanent Yaliie of Genesis (one of the Paddock Lectures for 1884). BODY, Dead. Sec Corpse. BODY AND MIND. The question of the rela- tion of body to mind, together with the deeper question whether we have a right to .separate these two terms and to speak at all of a 'relation' between them, is subject-matter for metapliysical inquiry. We refer to the articles Dualism; Epistemologt ; Materialism; JIoxism; Spirit- ualism. Here we are concerned simply to dis- cuss the views which have been adopted by psychologists as working hypotheses upon the scientific level, without regard to their ultimate metaphysical validity. Just as physics may pos- tulate, for its own purposes, the existence of a matter which certain philosophical systems repu- diate, so may psychology accept a theory of the relation of mind to body which some or all sys- tems of philosophy would pronounce erroneous or inadequate. Every science must assume its data as realities, and has a riglit to its working hypo- theses. And some sort of theory of the relation of mind to body has become a necessity for psy- chology, since Fechner (q.v.) has shown that the presupposition of an exact science of mind is the uniformity of mental response to physical stimulus. Psychologists are, at the present day, sharply divided into two groups, the one holding a theory of the interaction of mind and body, the other a theory of psycho-physical paraUelism. The former theory, which has all the weight of com- mon opinion on its side, avers that mental proc- esses are able to act causally upon bodily; that an idea may 'make' us act — i.e. condition bodily movements — just as truly as a blow may make us feel pain. The chain of events is nuide up of two kinds of links — material processes and men- tal processes; and the links are interchangeable and equally effective. The latter theory main- tains that the two series, the material and the mental, arc dis])arutc; that they never pass into or interfere with each other. The mental series is conditioned upon the material, runs parallel with it, term for term ; but there neither is nor can be any transition from the one to the other. It should be said, emphatically, that there is no necessary connection between the theory of interaction and a metapliysical monism or idealism, and none between jiarallclism and a metaphysical dualism or materialism. Either theory, held as a scientific working hypothesis, is eonqiatible with any one of these ultimate metaphysical beliefs. The main arguments for interaction are as follows: (1) "The particulars of the distribu- tion of consciousness point to its being efliea- cious" (James). Consciousness can apparently 'load the dice' of the brain — i.e. can bring