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* BOCLAND. 217 BODENSTEDT. or inlieritable only by a certain class of heirs. It might W alienable or not, or alienable only to a limited class of persons. It mifjlit be allodial, in the later meaning of that term, as free from the claims of any superior lord, or it might be held by a feudal tenure of the most restricted and burdensome sort. See Anglo-Saxon Law. Consult: Digby, IntrQdtiction to the History of the Laic of h'cal Property (4th ed., Oxford, 1892) ; Pollock and Maitland, History of Eng- lish Lair (2d ed.. Boston. 1800) : Lee, Historical Jurisprudence (New York, 1900). BOCQUILLON-WILHELM. bd'ke'ySN' v^'- laN'. Grii.i.AiME Louis (1781-1842). A French musician. He was born in Paris, studied at the Paris Conservatory, was instructor in music at the College of Saint Cyr, and from 1810 profes- sor of vocal music at the Lycf'e Napoleon (after- wards the College of Henrj' IV.). In 1835 he was appointed superintendent of vocal music in the public schools: in 1838 in the universities. The classes he thus organized, combined with the workingmen's evening classes later established, formed the basis of the Orpheon, whence was de- veloped the French .system of choral societies. He set to music Beranger's songs, and published a Manuel Musical (1846). BOCSKAY, boch'ko-e, Stephen (1556-1606). A Hungarian national leader. He was brought up at the Court of the BSthoris, and in 1604 headed the Hungarians in their revolt against Rudolph II. of Austria, who was aiming at the overthrow of Protestantism. After defeating the Imperial troops in several battles, he was pro- claimed Prince of Transylvania (1605), was rec- ognized a.s such by .Sultan Ahmed I., and was also invested with the supreme power by the estates of Upper Hungary. In 1606 he concluded the peace of Vienna with Rudolph II., and there- by secured religious freedom to the Protestants of Hungaiy. Bocskay died soon after becoming Prince of Transylvania. Consult SzilSgyi, Monu- rnenta Comitialia Regni Transylvaniic (Buda- pest, 1879). BODE, bo'de, JoHANN Elebt (1747-1826). A German astronomer. When a boy he made astro- nomical observations from the garret of his father's house, with a telescope constructed by himself, and at the age of IS calculated an eclipse of the sun. The ne.t year he wrote on the solar eclipse of August 5, and an elementary treatise on astronomy which was especially successful. In 1776 he commenced the Astronomisches Jahr- huch, which is still continued. But his fame rests chieflv on the Uranor/raphia, published in 1801, in which he included 17,240 stars, or 12,000 more than can l>e found in any previous charts. Bode reproduced the statement of the relations of the planetary distances, previously made known by Titus of Wittenberg, but afterwards called 'Bode's Law' (q.v.). BODE, JOIIANN .TOACJIIM ClIRI.STOPH (1730- 93). A German musician and translator, born in Brunswick. He was at various times an oboist, instructor in music and languages, com- poser, editor, printer, and translator. His translations, including Burney's Present l^tate of Music in Oermany. Tristram Hhanrly (1774); the Vicar of Wakefield (1776). and the Hssais of Montaigne (1793-07), had decided intlnence on German literature. Consult Biittiger, Bodes lit- terarisches Leben (Berlin, 1796). BODE, WiLiiELM (1845—). A German art critic. He was born in the Duchy of Brunswick, and began his career as a lawyer." In 1869, how- ever, he began the study of art and archa>ology in Berlin, and was made director of the Department of Christian Plastic Art at the JIuseum of Ber- lin in 1880, and finallv director of the Picture Gallery (1890). His works, which deal chiefly with the Dutch masters and with Italian and German plastic art since the Middle Ages, are distinguished by their originality and jud'icious criticism. They include: Sludicn cwr Ge- schichte der holldndischcn Malerei (1883); Ge- schichte der deutschen Plastik (Vol. II. of the Oeschichte der deutschen Kunst, 1885) : Italien- ische Bildhauer der Renaissance (1887); Die Geiniildegalerie der Koniglichen Museen zu Ber- lin, with J. Meyer and H. von Tschudi (1888) ; Rudolf Henneberg (1895) ; Rembrandt, Beschrei- bendes Verzeichnis seiner Gemaldc, Gesehichte seines Lebens und seiner Kunst, with Hofstede de Groot (1897-1900); and Kunst und Kunstge- u-crbe am Ende des 19. Jnhrhunderts (1901). He also edited the Denkmiiler der Renaissance- skulptur Toscanas. published bv Bruekmann (:Munich, 1892, et seq.). BODEN-SEE, bo'den-za'. See Constance, Lake of. BO'DENSTEDT, Feieorich ]Ubtin von (1819-92). A Carman poet and journalist. He was born in Peine, April 22, 1819, and educated for commerce; but forced his way to the uni- versity, studying in Gottingen, Munich, and Ber- lin, after which he lived three years as tutor in Moscow, making excellent translations of poems by Pushkin, Kazloff, and Lermontoff (1843). In 1843 he became instructor in the gymnasium in TiHis, and in 1845 published a translation of Russian folk-songs under the title of Poetisehe Ukraine. In Tillis he prosecuted Oriental studies under a Tartar teacher (Mirza Sehaffy), and began the translations and echoes of Persian thought which, under the name 'ilirza Sehaffy,' suggest FitzGerald's Omar Khayyam. Later he traveled widely in the Caucasus and the East, and as a result wrote Die Volker des Caucasus und ihre Freiheitskiimpfe gegen die Russen (1848) and Tausend U7id ein Tag im Orient (1850). Poems from this book, with others, were collected as Lieder des .Mirza f^chaffy (1856). Their warm imagery, their .sensuous joyousness, and their melodious charm claimed general applause. The book has passed through a hundred and fifty editions, and has been trans- lated into nearly all PJuropean languages. A continuation, Aus dem Nachlass des .Mirza i^chaffg (1874). was more serious and less siic- ccssful. Bodenstedt was for a time a very effi- cient director of the noted theatre in Meiningen. In 1881 he lectured in the United States. Vont Atlanlischen zum Stillen Ocean (1882) is an account of this journey. His part in the trans- lation of Shakespeare's works, undertaken by the German Shakespeare Society, is also note- worthy, as are his autobiographical Erinnerun- gen aus nieinem Leben. He wrote many tales and some dramas, but his talent showed to great- est advantage in his translations and adapta- tions. He made himself a permanent place in German literature as the poet of Mirza SchafTy. Consult Stem. Studien zur Litteratur der Oegen- icart (Dresden, 1895).