Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/242

BOARDING-HOUSE. ers' goods which are fairly within his custody. In the third place, the keeper of a boarding-house has no lien on his boarders' property for bills owing by them, at common law, although by statute in some jurisdictions a lien has been accorded. It is held, generally, that a boarding-house keeper impliedly undertakes that his premises are reasonably fit for occupation. It is not necessary that he make that statement in express terms. His offer of the premises to boarders is a representation that they are fit for such use. See the authorities referred to under,.

BOARD'MAN, (1801–31). An American missionary. He was born in Livermore, Me., graduated at Waterville College (now Colby University) in 1822, and studied at Andover Theological Seminary. He was ordained as a Baptist minister in 1825, and in the same year sailed for Calcutta as a missionary. In 1827 he established a mission at Burma, and was especially zealous in his work among the Karen villages. His widow married the Rev. Adoniram Judson (q.v.). Consult A. King, Memoir of George Dana Boardman (Boston, 1856).

BOARDMAN, (1828–1903). An American Baptist clergyman. He was born at Tavoy, Burma, and was educated at Brown University (1852), and at the Newton Theological Institution. He was pastor of the First Church. Philadelphia, from 1864 to 1894. In June, 1899, he established at the University of Pennsylvania the permanent lectureship known as the 'Boardman Foundation in Christian Ethics.' He was president of the Christian Arbitration and Peace Society, and of the American Baptist Missionary Union. His most important production is a monograph. Titles of Wednesday Evening Lectures. It embraces 981 of his lectures, delivered between 1865 and 1880, and comprises a complete exegesis of the Bible. His other writings include The Epiphanies of the Risen Lord (New York, 1879); The Problem of Jesus; Disarmament of Nations (1880); The Coronation of Love: The Two Bibles; The Kingdom (1899); The Church (1901); The Golden Rule (1901).

BOARD OF TRADE. See.

BOARFISH. A southern European fish (Capros aper) of the family Caproidæ. having a much protracted hog like snout. The body is oval, compressed, and carmine in color, with seven transverse orange bands on the back. The flesh is little esteemed.

BOAR OF ARDENNES,. See.

BOAR'S HEAD,. The haunt of Shakespeare's Falstaff and his crew. It was a tavern in Eastcheap, London, it fell in the great fire of 1666. It was rebuilt, but had to give way for an approach to London Bridge. The site is now occupied by a statue of William IV.

BOAS, bō'as, (1815–53). A German author, born at Landsberg. He is remembered chiefly for his works on Goethe and Schiller, including Nachträge zu Schillers sämmtlichen Werken (Stuttgart, 1838–40); Nachträge zu Goethes ämmtlichcn Werken (Leipzig, 1841); and Schiller und Goethe im Xenienkampf (1851). His Schillers Jugendjahre (1856) and Schillers und Goethes Xenienmanuskript (1856) were published posthumously by W. von Maltzahn. His other works include ''In Skandinavien. Nordlichter'' (1844); the humorous novel Des Kriegskommissärs Pipitz Reise nach Italien (1841); and the idyllic poem Pepita (1844). He published selections from his prose and poetical works in his Schriften, 5 vols. (1846–49).

BOAS, (1858–). A German-American anthropologist. He was born at Minden, Westphalia, studied at Heidelberg, Bonn, and Kiel, and in 1883-84 made a scientific journey through the Baffin's Land region. He was assistant in the Royal Ethnographical Museum in Berlin from 18S5 to 1886, and an instructor in geography at the University. From 1886 to 1888 he was an associate editor of Science; from 1888 to 1892 instructor in anthropology at Clark University, and in 1899 was appointed professor of anthropology at Columbia University. He is a member of the National Academy of Science, in 1900 was president of the American Folk-Lore Society, and in 1901 became curator of ethnology in the American Museum of Natural History. His publications include Baffin's Land (1885), and "The Central Eskimo," Sixth Annual Report, United States Bureau of Ethnology (1888).

BOAST (origin uncertain). A term used in sculpture to define the first contour of a roughly hewn block before the working out of ornament and details. Portions of buildings that were designed for ornamentation, if in obscure places, are often left in this rude state.

BOAT (AS. bāt, Ger. Boot; cf. Fr. bateau, boat, from Low Lat. batellus. dimin. of battus, batus, boat). A small vessel propelled by oars, sail, or steam. The name is also applied to large vessels built to navigate rivers and interior waters, and sometimes to large sea-going vessels; but in such cases it is ordinarily used as part of a compound word or expression, e.g. steamboat, ferryboat, canal-boat, packet-boat, etc. Boats are of numerous types and forms, representing the various developments of the raft and dugout principles, which may be said to meet in the framed open boat, as it embodies the hollow form of the dugout and the framing of the raft. The simplest form of boat is called a punt or bateau, and it is much used in shallow interior waters, where it is often propelled by pushing with a pole instead of using oars: it has a flat bottom and sides made of single boards. The dory is a variety of punt, but, being intended for use in rough water, it is deeper and more shapely. Dories are used in great numbers by fishing-vessels. Small, shallow, framed boats are called wherries or Whitehall boats. In the United States Navy boats are of three types — cutter, whaleboat, and steamer. The cutter type includes the dingeys and launches, the former being smaller than the cutter, and the latter being larger; all are square-sterned. The whaleboat is sharp at both ends. Steamers resemble cutters in build, but are heavier and have rounded sterns; the smaller steamers are frequently called steam-cutters. Gigs and barges are commonly of cutter build, but are larger, narrower, and of less depth; some gigs are of whaleboat form. Dingeys usually have four oars; cutters and whaleboats from six to fourteen; gigs five or six; barges twelve to fourteen and launches twelve to sixteen. All are supplied with masts