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* BLUM. 205 BLXTMENTHAL. of his dramatip works were written in collabora- tion with Clairville, Flan, Monnier, Brisharrc. Labiche. and others. Among the vaudevilles, librettos, and dramas of this versatiU' writer, the following are especially noteworthy: Lex noces de diahle (1802) : Rocamhole (18G4) ; La jolie patiumeusc (1874); Hose Michel (1875); Espion du rot (1876) ; Le petit chaperon rouge (1885) ; Les femmes iwrveuses (1888) ; Larieiise (1804) ; Le carillon (1897). BLUM, bloom. H.NS (1841—). A German publicist and author, son of Robert Blum, born in Leipzig, and educated at the universities of Leipzig and Bern. He was a member of the North German Reichstag from 1867 to 1870 and from 18G9 to 18i)7 a barrister in Leipzig. During the Franco-Prussian War he was in the field as correspondent for Daheim, and in 1871-70 edited the Gremboten. His extensive and varied publi- cations include works on contemporary politics, such as Die Liigen unserer Socialdemokratie (1891), contributions to historj' in Fiirst Bis- marck tmd seine Zeit (1894-95) : Das erste Tier- teljnhrhundert des deutsehen Reichs (1896), and other volumes, some fiction, two dramas, and Personliche Erinncrungen an den Fiirsten Bis- marck (1900). BLtTM, Robert (1807-48). A German pa- triot. He was bom in very humble circumstances in Cologne, November 10, 1807, and after a brief military service in 1830, became scene-shifter, and afterwards secretary of a theatre in Cologne, and subsequently in Leipzig. In this situation he remained, devoting his leisure time to litera- ture and politics until 1847, when he established himself as a bookseller and publisher. In 1840 he founded in Leipzig the i^rhillerrerein. which celebrated the poet's anniversary, as a festival in honor of political liberty. In 1845 he ac- quired great reputation as a popular orator in connection with the Ciemian Catholic movement, and particularly through his action at a turbu- lent meeting of armed citizens and students of Leipzig, whom he dissuaded from storming the barracks. He became the champion of the Lib- eral Party of Saxony on the outbreak of the Revolution of February. 1848. and was elected vice-president of the Preliminary Parliament at Frankfort. In the Xational Assembly he became leader of the Left ; and was one of the bearers of a congratulatory address from the Left to the people of Vienna when they rose in October. In Vienna he joined the Students' Corps, was ar- rested, and shot on Xovember 9. Blum was a man of strong intelligenee and great oratorical power. Consult Hans Blum, Robert Blum (I^ipzig, 1878). BLUM, blum. Robert Frederick (1S.")7- 190.3). An American painter, born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, Phila- delphia, Pa., and exhibited in New York City in 1879. Among his works are "Going and Com- ing" (1881); "Briffht Day at Venice" (1882), and some fine mural decorations, including those for ilendelssohn Hall, New York City. BLUMAUER, bloo'-mou-er. Alots (1755-98). A <jerman poet, born in Steyer. His works, which are chiefly coarse Katires on the clergy and on the Jesuit Order (of which he himself had become a member a year before its dissolution in 177.3), enjoyed a wide popularity. He is remem- bered, however, chiefly for his Abenteuer des frommen Tlelden .Eneas (1784-88; published with introduction and commentary by E. Griesbach, 1872), a coarse travesty on Vergil's /Eneid, which is still widely read in Germany. His complete works, Siimmtliche Wrrkc. appeared after his death in 4 vols. (1801-03: republished 4 vols., 1884). Consult Hofmann-W'illenhof, Aloys Blu- mauer (Vienna, 1885). BLUMENBACH, bloo ' nun - bac, .Johann Friedrich (1752-1840). A German naturalist, physiologist, and anthropologist, born in Gotha. He studied in Jena and in Giittingen, where he graduated with the degree of M.D. in 1776. He began to teach in Giittingen in 1776, became a professor in 1778, and exercised the greatest in- fluence as a teacher for more than fifty years. He founded the science of anthropology. His CoUectio Craniorum Diversarum Gentium (1790- 1828) gave the results of observations upon the skulls of different races. He advocated the the- ory of the unity of the human race, and divided it into five tj'pes — Caucasian, Mongolian, Malay, American, and Ethiopian. His Handbuch d'er Xaturgeschichte (1780) has gone through many editions. He was the first to place comparative anatomy on a thoroughly scientific basis, and in 1805 published his Handbuch der vergleichenden Anatomic. He speculated on the power of gen- eration and regeneration, and imagined that a iiisus fortnatirus, or formative tendency, was possessed by all living things. Consult his Ueber den Bildungstrieb und das Zeugungsge- schaff (Gottingen,'l791). BLUMENTHAL, blurj'mfn-tal, .LcoB vox ( 1829 — ) . A German pianist and composer, born in Hamburg. He studied under Grund, Bocklet, Sechter, Halevy, and Herz, and in 1849 went to London. There he was appointed pianist to Queen Victoria, taught music, and composed many brilliant pieces for the pianoforte and popular songs, of which "ily Queen," 'The Bend in the River," "The Broken Flower," and "The Venetian Boat-Song" are the best known. BLUMENTHAL, Leoxhabd, Count von (1810-1000). A Prussian field-mar.shal. He was born July 30, 1810, at Schwedt-on-the-Oder. He received a military education in the Prussian Cadet Corps, and in 1827 Ix^came an officer in the Reserve Guard. From 1830 to 1833 he studied at the Berlin Military Academy, and later sei'v-ed in all branches of the army, in order to acquire a full military training. In 1848 he became a member of the Prussian General Staff. He was chief of staff of the Schleswig-Holstein Army in 1849; became aide-de-camp to Prince Frederick Charles (1858); colonel of the Sev- enty-first Infantry (1860) : and chief of staff of the .ustro- Prussian Army in the war against Denmark (1864). In the same year he was made a major-general, and in the campaign of 1866 against Austria acted as chief of staff to the Crown Prince Frederick William, and dis- tinguished himself at KiiniggrUtz. After the war Blumenthal became a lieutenant-general. Dur- ing the Franco-Prussian War he again acted as chief of staff to the Crown Prince, and partici- pated in the events leading up to Sedan and the capitulation of Paris. He was afterwards in- trusted with the command of the Fourth Army Corps, with headquarters at Magdeburg, and given the rank of general of infantry in 1873. In 1888 he was created field-marshal, and given