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* BLOOD-VESSELS. 193 BLOOMFIELD. present certain points of dilTeience. The en- dothelial and middle layer* of the inlimn are essentially the same as in arteries, but there is no limiting elastic membrane. The result is that there is no sharp line of demarcation between iiitima and media. The media, instead of being made up almost entirely of muscle, as in the arteries, has intermingled with its muscle-fihres a large amount of fibroelastic tissue. The adventitia is usually thicker than in an artery of corresponding size. Many veins have valves for controlling the flow of blood. These consist of folds of the iiitima with some strengthening bands of elastic tissue and sometimes a few mus- cle-fibres. See Aorta: Br.chial Artery: Ab- TERV: Vkix. eti-. BLOODWORM. The name of various red worms aiui annelids. That commonly known to British anglers as the bloodworm, used for bait, is the wormlilce aquatic larva of a midge {('hiroiwmiDt pliimosus), which swarms about stagn.int (lools. BLOODY ASSIZ'ES. The name given t« a series of trials for trea.son conducted by Lord Chief Justice Jeffreys in the western counties of England after the suppression of Monmouth's rebellion in liiS.5. See .Jeffrey.s, George. BLOODY BROTHER, The, or Rollo, Duke OF XoRMANDY. The title of a tragedy by Fletcher, and probably Rowley and Massinger (1639). Rollo, the covetous son of the deceased Duke of Xormandy. murders his brother, clasped in their mother's arms, and is himself slain by the captain of the guard. Some authorities ascribe the play mainly to Beaumont. BLOODY MARY. The popular designation of the daughter of Henry VIII., Queen of Eng- land in 1553-58, because of the persecution of Protestants which took place during her reign. BLOODY TOWER. The name given to one of the towers of the Tower of London, in which Richard III. is said to have procured the murder of the yoimg sons of Edward IV. BLOOM. The white, waxy or glaucous cover- ing of various fruits and leaves, especially com- mon on the leaves of drought plants. See Xeropiiytes. BLOOM. An appearance on paintings resem- bling in some pleasure the bloom on certain kinds of fruit, such as peaches, plums, etc. (hence the name), produced, in all probability-, by the pres- tnee of moisture in the varnish, or on the surface of the painting when the varnish is laid on. The bloom destroys the transparency, and is conse- •quently very injurious to the general effect of a picture. It is best prevented by carefully dry- ing the picture and heating the varnish before applying it, after which a soft brush should be employed to smooth the surface of the picture, which should be finally placed in the sunshine to dry. BLOOMER, Amelia Jenks (1818-94). An American reformer. She was born in Homer, N. Y., and for several years lectured and wrote on the tem]X'rance (|uestion. She was a promi- nent advocate of woman's suffrage, but is re- membered chiefly for her enthusiastic adoption of the so-called 'bloomer' costume, originally de- vised and introduced by Mrs. Elizabeth Smith Miller. BLOOM'ERISM. gee Dbess Refobu. BLOOM'EBY, BLOOM'ARY, or BLO- MARY. IdfTom'a-ri (Kngl. hloom. AS. Ijloma, a mass or lump, in isenes hlOma, a lump or bloom of iron). A fuiTiace for transforming pig iron into wrought or malleable iron, or for making such iron directlj' from ore. See Iron and Steel. BLOOM'FIELD. A to™ and the county-seat of Greene County, Ind., 80 miles southwest of Indianapolis; on the White River, and on the Evansville and Indianapolis and the Louisville, New Albanv an<l Chicago railroads. It has flour and lumber mills, and manufactures of novelties of steel, iron, wood, and clay; and carries on con- siderable trade in coal, agricultural produce, lumber, grain, and live stock. Population, in 1890. 1-22!): in 1000, 1588. BLOOMFIELD, A city and the county-seat of Davis County, Iowa, 70 miles northwest of Keokuk; on the Burlington and the Wabash rail- roads (Jlap: Iowa, E 4). It has a public library, a fine high-school building, and the Southern Iowa Normal School. There is some manufactur- ing, but the more important interests are com- mercial, a large trade being carried on in the products of the adjacent agricultural region. The citv outis and operates its water-works and electric-light plant. Population, in 1890, 1913; in moo, 2105. BLOOMFIELD. A town in Essex County, X. J., adjoining X'cwark, and 11 miles from Xew ork City; on the Erie and the Lackawanna railroads, and on the Morris Canal (Map: New Jersey, D 2). It is the seat of the German Theo- logical Seminary of Newark (Presbyterian), opened in 1869, and contains, among the more prominent features of interest, the Bank Build- ing, .Jarvie Memorial Library, and Westminster and First Presbyterian ehurdics, the latter built in 1796. The town has a number of suburban residences, and, as one of its chief attractions, a j.ark developed from the 'Common' used during the Revolution as training-grounds. There are important manufactures, including woolen cloth, silk, electric elevators, hats, rubber goods, paper, pins, and railroad brake-shoes. Under a charter of 1900 the government is vested in a town council, of which one member, elected at large, usually seiTcs as chairman. Population, in 1890, 7708; in 1900, 9668. Settled as early as 1675, Bloomfield was a part of Newark until incorporated as a separate township in 1812. Its present name was chosen in 1796 in honor of General .Toseph Bloom- field, a Revolutionary officer, afterwards Governor of New Jersey. Consult Shaw, History of Essea and Hudxon f'onnfies, Xeic Jersey (Philadelphia, 1884). BLOOMFIELD, .Toseph ( ? -1823). An American soldier, born in Woodbri<lge. X. J. He attained the rank of major in the Revolutionary War, and from 1801 to 1812 was (overnor of New Jersey. He served as brigadier-general in the American Army during the War of 1812, and from 1817 to 1821 was a member of Congress. BLOOMFIELD, Mairicf, (18.5.") — ). An .Vmcrican philologist and Sanskrit scholar. He was bom in Bielitz, Austrian Silesia, February 23. 1855. He came to the United States in 1867"; studied at the old University of Chicago and at Furman University, (irccnville, S. C, and was a graduate pi|)il of William Dwight Whitney's at Vale, 1877-78. He was a fellow of .Johns Hop- kins University, 1878-79; and then studied in