Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/219

* BLOMSTRAND. 189 BLOOD. chemistry and iniiii'ialogy there. In 1861 he though in the human eiiibiyo they contain nuclei, undertook a scientific expedition to Spitzhcigen, This round, discoid, non-nucleated red blood-cell and in the same year was elected a member of the is characteristic of mammals with the exception Stockholm Academy of Sciences. lie discovered of the camel family, in which the red hlood-celU nuinganosite, vallerite, and other minerals, wrote are non-nucleated, but oval. In birds, reptiles, several valuable textbooks on organic chcmistri', am|iliibians, and fishes (with the exception of and also published Die Chcmic dri- Jct::tzeit Cyclostomata, which have nucleated, btit round vom Standpunkte der elektrotechnischcn Attffas- cells) the red blood-cells arc oval in shape and suii<i nu.i I!cr::rlitts's Lehre cntwickcH (1869), contain nuclei. As regards size, the largest cor- and other treatises. puscles are found in the ampliibia; those (if the BLON'DEL, /'r. pron. bloN'del'. A noted Amphiuma being as much as 75 mieromillimeters French minstrel of the Twelfth Century, called a i" diameter, so that they may be distinguished native of Xesle. a place difficult to identify. Ac- ''.Y the unaided eye. The following table shows cording to tradition. Blondel was the favorite of the size of the red blood-cells in some of the more Richard the Lion-hearted. King of England, common mammals: whom he accompanied to Palestine. While re- Elephant 0092 millimet*r turning to England Richard was imprisoned bv Man 0079 Leopold. Duke of Austria, and Blondel, deter- ^i^iCZZZZZZZZZZZ^ZZZZ '.mm '•'• mined to find his master, wandered through Ger- Mouse...!.!!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.!!!!.. .0067 ■■ • many in disguise tmtil he came to the Castle of Horse 0059 DUrrenstein. which he heard contained an illus- in normal human blood there are about trious captive. Feeling assured that Richard .5.000,000 red blood-cells per cubic millimeter of was in the castle, he tried to see him, but fail- blood. As a general rule woman's blood has ing, began to sing a song which he and Richard somewhat fewer than man's. In different ani- had composed. The first stanza was hardly sung mals the number of red cells varies greatly, and before the well-known voice took up the second, the number of cells per cubic millimeter is" much The minstrel was overjoyed, and returning with reduced in the lower animals, which have very all speed to England, was the means of securing large corpuscles. The redness characteristic of Richard's ransom. Blondel's poems were pub- blood is not evident in a single corpuscle, which lished at Rheims, in 1862, by Prosper Tarb§, un- appears of a light straw-color. When, however, der the title Les (Euvres de Blondel de Neelle a large number of the cells are seen together, the (Rheims, 1862). mass appears bright- red. The red blood-corpns- BLONBEL, bloN'del'. The name of two cles are embryologically of mesoblastic origin, be- French architects. (1) Francois Blondel ginning their life-history as nucleated cells and (1617-86). A diplomat, litterateur, military en- as such possessing ama?boid movement and re- gineer, and mathematician. He was noted for productive powers. At birth all nuclei have been the triumphal arch of the Porte Saint Denis, in lost as well as the powers of movement and of Paris (1674), as well as the Porte Saint Antoine, reproduction. After birth the production of new and became director of the new Academie de red corpuscles is believed to occur mainly in the I'Architecture in 1672. He published Conrs d'ar- marrow of bones. The question as to the possi- rhitecture enseirjiie dans I'acadi^mie royale {1675) . ijility of determining by microscopical examiiia- (2) .UCQIES Fraxcols Blondel (1705-74). An tion whether a specimen of blood, particularly a architect and engraver. He founded one of the blood-stain, is human or animal, often ]uesents earliest French private schools of architecture itself in trials for murder. By reference to the ( 1743), and became roval architect. He designed table given, it will be seen that the red corpuscles buildings at :Metz, Strassburg, and elsewhere. in a considerable number of animals so closely _., „..TT.T-»T ti- .J- / 1-. T^ /-I apT)roximate in size those of man that a positive BLONDIN bloN'daN'. Charles Emile Gra- ^^^^.^^ ^^ ^^^ i^^ i^ ^j^^^ impossible. Then VELET (ls24-n, ). A French acrobat bom at j,^^ ^^.^.. ^^ /,^^ corpuscles in a clot, which has Saint-Omer. He became an exceedingly expert ^^ i,^ goftenel with salt solution before examina- t.ghtrope walker, and attracted much attention ^.^^ ^,,„ ^^ ,,^^^j^ introduces an uncertainty as rl ""^^il? the cataract of Xiagara on a rope in ^^ ^,.],^theT such corpuscles presei-ve their nor- 180D. 1859, and 1860. Subsequently he g.ave ex- ,,^,,, .liniensions. On the other hand, it will be hibit.ons in Europe and at the Crystal Palace, ^^^^^j ^j^^^ ^ differentiation between human blood and that of lower animals whose red corpuscles BLOOD (probably akin to the verb to blow, to are oval and nucleated — for example, birds and be in bloom). From the standi)oint of histology, fishes — is comparatively easy, blood is usually classed as a tissue. It is de- The White Blood-("eli..s. These are much veloped from the middle layer, or mesoderm, of fewer in number than the red cells, the average the erabrj-o, and differs from the other tissues of being about one white cell to every fcmr or five the body in that its intercellular substance, the hundred of the red. The proportion, however, /t'ljMor saHpuiHi.s, or blood-plasma, is fluid instead varies. They are slightly larger than the red of solid. When a drop of human blood is exam- cells, averaging about 8 to 10 mieromillimeters ined under the microscope, there are .^een floating in diameter. Their shape varies, largely from in the plasma certain formed elements. We dis- their anuBboid movement. They are nucleated, tingnisfi three main forms: the red blood-cell, or and the protoplasm of the cell-body is more or corpuscle; the white blood-cell, or corpuscle; and less granular. Several varieties of the white the blood-plaques, or platelets. blood-cell are recognized, which may be classi- The Red Blood-Cells. These are minute bi- fied as follows: (1) Lijmphorylcs. large and concave disks, averaging 7 to 8 mieromillimeters, small, having a round nucleus surrounded by a or about 1-3200 of an inch in their long diameter, small rim of cell-body: and (2) Lcucoctittit. and about one-fourth that in thickness. In adult which may be further subdivided into large human blood these cells are not nucleated, al- mononuclear leucocytes, in which there is a round