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* BLACK WARRIOR. 149 BLACKWELL. suit Rhodes, Histori/ of the United States from the Coniproinise of ISoO, Vol. II. (New York, 181I3). -lso. for iiuK'li material on the iiioident. ooiisult House Document No. 8(i, Case of the Ulack Warrior and Other Tiolations of the J{i(jhts of American Citizens hy Spanish Au- thoritii<; (Washington, 1854). BLACK WATCH. A famous Highland regi- ment in the British Army. In 1688 the Earl of Athole was commissioned to oi-ganize a guard for the niainlenance of peace in the Highlands. They were known as the Freiceadun Dubh. and wore a dark-colored tartan, which distinguished them from the SaiijhJcan Dearg. or 'red soldiers,' as the regular troops were called. The difl'erent companies were engaged in the military ])olice work, for which they were fomied, until 1739, in which year they were regularly organized into the 42d Regiment of the Line. Their war his- tory begins at Fontenoy. and few regiments in the British serice excel them in the number and character of their battle honors. JSee High- lAXDERS. BLACK WATER. See Tex.a.s Fever. BLACKWATER. The name of several rivers and streams in Great Britain and Ireland. The most important are: (1) The Blackwater of Cork County, which rises in the west of Kerrsr County, flows past Alillstreet, JIallow, Fennoy, Lismore, and Cappoquin, and enters the sea at Youghal Harbor (Map: Ireland, C 4). It has a course of 100 miles; is the .seventh in size of the Irish rivers : abounds in salmon, and is navigable for barges for the last 15 miles of its course. (2) The Blackwater of Ulster. 50 miles long, which rises on the confines of Tyrone and Fer- managh counties, runs past Caledon and Charle- niont, and falls into the southwest corner of Lough Xeagh. (.3) The Blackwater of Essex,Eng- land. 40 miles long, which ri.ses in the northwest of the county, flows past Coggeshall to Maldon, where it becomes an estuary opening into the North Sea. BLACK-WATER STATE (Nebraska). See St.VTES. PoI>1 I.Ali X.MES OF. BLACK'WELL, Antoinette Louisa Browne (1S25 — ). An American minister and author, born at Henrietta, N. Y., and educated at Oberlin College. Ohio. In 1853 she was or- dained pastor of the Congregational church at South Butler, N. Y'., and discharged her parish- ional duties for two years, when ill health com- pelled her to resign. Afterwards she devoted her- self to the exposition of philosophical views in literary form. Her principal works are: Studies in General Science (1809): The Sexes Through- out ature (1875) : The Physical Basis of Im- mortality (187G); and The Philosophy of In- divifhial'ilii fl893). BLACKWELL, Elizabeth (1821—). The first wom;in who ever obtained a medical di- ploma in the United States. She was born in Bristol. England. Circumstances induced the family to emigriite to New York, and they after- wards went to Cincinnati. Miss Blackwcll in 1838, with two elder sisters, opened a boarding- school, which soon had a large attendance. She, however, chafed at the limitations which society had imposed on women. At length, in 1844, the school was given up. Miss Blaokwell determining to become the medical apostle of her sex. After three years' further work as a teacher, during which time she devoted the whole of her leisure to the study of medical and anatomical l)ooks,she went to lMiil:idcl])hia, where she applied in vain for admission into the medical schools. Failing this, she entered on a course of private anatom- ical study and dissection and of midwifery, with Professor Allen and Dr. Warrington of I'liiladel- phia. After strenuous efl'orts. she at last obtained admission to Geneva iledical College, Geneva, N. Y., in 1847. From this college she graduated with the highest honor in 1849. During the two years of her study, she conducted herself with a propriety and discretion that gained for her the esteem and respect of all her fellow-students. Her ■brilliant example,' as the president called it, had stinuilated them to greater efl'ort. and their gen- eral conduct and attainments were better than usual. Shortly after her graduation, she visited Europe, in order to prosecute further her medical studies. In Paris she was told that it would be impossible for her to gain entrance to the schools or hospitals there, unless she adopted male at- tire: a suggestion repugnant to her taste, and to the great object she had in view — that is, the recognition of female physicians. After much perseverance, she was at length admitted into the JIaternite, and was permitted to visit other hos- pitals. After studying at Saint Bartholomew's Hospital, and the Woman'.s Hospital, London, she returned to New Y'ork in 1851, and there estab- lished herself in practice. At first difficulties were thrown in her way by the refusal of physi- cians to meet her in consultation ; but these were overcome, and she was soon established in excellent practice. In 1852 she delivered a series of lectures to women, on health and physical de- velopment, and published a work entitled The Laws of Life, Considered with Reference to the Physical Education of Girls; and in 1853 estab- lished the New York Infirmary for "omen and Children, which proved so successful that she was induced, in cooperation with her sister Emily, to found, in 18G8, The Woman's Medical College of the New York Infirmary. In 1868 she settled in London, and became connected with the Women's Medical College there. Her published works in- clude: Gounsels of Parents on the Moral Edu- cation of their Children in Relation to Sex (1879) ; Corruptions of Neo-Malthnsianism : the Influence of Women in the Medical Profession (1890) : and Pioneer Work in Opening the Medi- cal Profession to Women (1895). BLACKWELL, Thoma.s (1701-57). A scholar of some eminence, born in Aberdeen, Au- gust 4, 1701 ; studied Greek and philosophy in Marisehal (^(dlege, and took the degree of M.A. in 1718. In Deeend^er, 1723. he was appointed pro- fessor of Greek in Marisehal College, and in 1737 published anonymously at London an In- quiry into the Life and Writings of Homer (2d ed. 1746). and shortly afterwards. Proofs of the Inquiry into Homer's Life and Writings. In 1748 he published, also anonymously. Let- ters Concerning Mythology. The "same year he was made principal of Marisehal College; and at the eommenceinent of the session 1752. on his recommendation, a new order in teaching the sciences was introduced into the college. In 1753 he published the first volume of his Memoirs of the Court of .Augustus. The second volume appeared in 1755, and the third, left unfinished by him, was completed by .lohn Jlills in 1764. lie died March 8, 1757.