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* BISMARCK. 121 BISMARCK-SCHONHAUSEN. Uothck. 6 vols. (1825-31) : Tdeentaktik der Rei- terci I 1S2IM. BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO, arlcl-pgl'A-ga (so renamed in honor ot" Bismarck). A group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, situated ahout 56 miles east of New Guinea, and extending from latitude 2° to t!° 30' S., and longitude 148° to 155° E. (Map: Australasia, G 3). Its area is estimated at 20,000 square miles, and it com- prises the islands of New Pomerania (New iiritaini, Xew Mecklenburg I Xew Ireland), Xew Laurenhurg (Duke of York Islands), Xew hanover, Admiralty, Anchorite, Commerson, Hermit, and a few others. The chief articles of export are copper and trepang. The an- nual inipgrts and exports are valued at about a quarter of a million dollars each. The popula- tion is estimated at 188,000, and consists chiefly of Papuans. The group ^vas declared a German protectorate in 18S4 and placed under the con- trol of the German X'ew Guinea Company. Con- sult: Verbeck, "Die Entdeckung des Bismarck- archipels,"' in Beitriipe zur KolonialpoUtik mid Koloniahcirtschnft (Berlin, 1899-1900) ; Thi- lenius, "Geologische Xotizen aus dem Bismarck- archipel." in Vol. LXXVIII., Globus (Bruns- wick, 1900). BISMARCK - BOHLEN, bes'milrk - bo^en, Frie[)RU 11 .i.i;xAMif;n. Count (1818-94). A Prussian soldier. He was born on the family es- tate at Karlsburg. From 1846 to 1848 he" was the official military attache and companion of Prince Frederick Charles at the University of Bonn. In 18G4 he was raised to the rank of n.ajor-general, in which capacity he served in the Austro-Prussian War. tfpon the conclusion of that campaign he was appointed Governor of Hanover (1866). He was commandant of Ber- lin in 1808, and Governor-General of Alsace-Lor- raine during the Franco-Prussian War, upon the conclusion of which he was appointed adju- tant-general to Emperor William. BISMARCK BROWN. See Coal-Tah Col- ors. BISMARCK - SCHONHAUSEN, bes'miirk s)ifn'liou-Z' n. Hkrbert Xikolavs von. Prince (1849-1904). A Ckruian statesman, eldest son of Prince Otto von Bismarck. He was born in Ber- lin, and studied at the universities of Bonn and Berlin. He fought in the Franco-Prussian War, «as wounded at JIars-la-Tour, and was appointed an officer September 2, 1870. In 1873 he entered the Foreign Office, and served at Bern and Vi- enna, acting sub.sequently as private seeretarj- to his father from 1877 to" 1881. In 1882 he "was appointed counselor of legation at London, and in 1884 he was sent in a similar capacity to Saint Petersburg, whence he was in tlie same year transferred as Ambassador to The Hague. He became Under Secretary of State in 1885, and Sccretan,' of State in 1880. After the resignation of his father (March 20, 1890) he retired from the diplomatic service and withdrew to his estate at Schi'mhausen. He was elected to the Reichstag in 1893 and 1898 as a member of the Conserva- tive party, of which bodv he had also been a member "from 1881 to 1886. The treaty of 1885 between Germany and England, relative to the colonial boundary question, was negotiated by him. He also presided at the Samoan Con- ference held in Berlin in 1889. By his marriage with the Countess Marguerite Hoyos (.June 21, 1892), he had two sons and two daiigliters. His political speeches have been published bv Penzler under the title Politische Rcdcii (1899). BISMARCK-SCHONHAUSEN, Kakl Otto EiHARD Leopold vo.n. Prince (1S15-98). First- Chancellor of the German Empire. He was bom .pril 1, 1815, at the family manor of Schon- hauscn, in the District of Magdeburg, Prussia, He was one of the six children of Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand von Bismarck, a captain in the Royal Body Guard of Prussia. His mother was the daughter of Herr ilenken, a high official in the- Prussian civil service. The family traced its- lineage back directly for five centuries, and many of its members had held high positions in the' military service of Brandenburg and Prussia and at court. In 1832-33 Bismarck studied ju- risprudence and political science at Giittingen, where he made the acquaintance of John Lothrop- Motley, the American historian. an acquaintance- ship which ripened into the strong friendship of later years. He studied for three semesters iu Berlin, was admitted to the bar in 1835. and was. referendary in Aix-la-Chapelle and Potsdam in 1836-37. In the latter city and in Greifswald he served his term in the army as lieutenant in: the Life Guards. In Greifswald, too. he famil- iarized himself with the science of agriculture. On July 28, 1847, he married .Johanna von Put- kanier. and in the same year entered the first General Diet of Prussia, where he became known as an able and aggi-essive champion of ultra- conservative measures. In 1849 he was elected to the Second Chamber of the Prussian Diet, called into existence by the revolutionary out- break of 1848, and as a nieniher of that body and of the Erfurt Parliament (1850) he advocated an increase in the powers of the monarchy and the consolidation of the (ierman people through the joint action of Prussia and Austria. At the same time he combated the Erfurt and Frank- fort plans of union. In this early part of his career Bismarck gave little indication, except in his strenuous advocacy of Prussia's leader- ship, of the aims toward which his later activity was to be directed. After holding the position of Prussian sec- tary of legation at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Bis- marck was appointed, in 1851. Prussian Ambas- sador to the Germanic Diet at Frankfort. He had now apparently become convinced of the need of constitutional concessions in order to- unite the German people, and of the injierent an- tagonism between the interests of Austria and the cause of German unity: for he adopted a more liberal programme and assumed that atti- tude of hostility to -Xustrian i)retensions which he maintained so consistently and successfully. He was so outspoken in his opjjosition to -Austria that it was deemed prudent, in 1859, on the eve of the Franco-Italian War against .ustria, to transfer him to Saint Petersburg. There he labored elfectively to strengthen the friendly re- lations between Russia and Prussia, and gained the highest esteem of Alexander II. When, on the death of Frederick William IV., January 2, 1801, William I. succeeded to the Prussian throne. Bismarck was transferred from Saint Petersburg to Paris, and in September. 1802, was c:illed to the post of head of the Prussian Cabinet and Minister of Foreign Affairs. The King was then faced by a Diet which was in stubborn opposition to an army bill, but he