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* BISHOP. 119 BISHOP. them bearing the titles of pre-Reformation sees. They are Canterhury, York, London, Durham, Wincliester, Bangor, Rochester, Exeter, Peterbor- ough, Saint David's, Worcester, Chichester, Liclitiekl, JCly. Oxford. Saint Asaph, ilanchester, Hereford, Chester, Llandaff, Lincoln, Salisbury, Hath and Wells, Carlisle, Gloucester, Bristol Ripon, Xorwicli. Sodor and Man, Truro, Saint Albans, Liverpool. Newcastle, Southwell, and Wakefield. There is also a constantly increasing nunber of suffragan or assistant bishops — at present twenty-four — who bear territorial titles, but have no independent jurisdiction and no seats in Parliament. The Episcopal Church of .Scot- land has seven bishops, and that of Ireland two archbishops and eleven bishops. The first colo- nial bishopric of the Anglican communion was that of Nova Scotia, founded in 1787; but the Xineteenth Century saw a prodigious increase in their numbers. There are now 23 in British North America, 8 in the West Indies, 10 in India and Ceylon, Hi in Australia, 7 in Xew Zealand, and 24 under the direct jurisdiction of the Arch- bishop of Canterbury, mostly in non-Christian lands. There are now 229 bishops in the Angli- can communion. In the Protestant Episcopal Church of the L'nited States, the functions of the bishops, in religious matters, are similar to those of English prelates. In political affairs they have, of cour.se, no official power. They are chosen to office by the convention of clerical and lay deputies of the diocese over which they are to preside, except in the case of missionary bishops, who are nomi- nated by the House of Bishops and elected by the House of Clerical and Lay Deputies. There ■re at present eighty-nine in the House of I'lishops. In England, under the Archbishop of Westmin- ster as primate, there are fifteen Roman Catholic bishops. The hierarchy here was restored in 18.50, and in 1878 in Scotland, where there are two archbishops and four bishops. The assump- tion of territorial titles by Roman Catholic bishops in England and Scotland was made illegal by the Ecclesiastical Titles Act of 1851 ; but the law, passed in a moment of great jiopular excitement, has always been a dead letter. In Ireland there are four Catholic archbishops and twenty-six bishops. In the l'nited States the Church has fourteen archbishops, with the Arch- bishop of Baltimore as primate, and seventy other diocesan bishops, besides three vicars apo-stolic. In the Methodist Episcopal Church, the bish- ops are elected by the General Conference. Their duties are those included in a general superin- tendence of the whole Church. .Authority is vested in them all, and its administration dis- tributed among them by mutual agreement. They preside over meetings of the annual confeicnces, ordain njinisters, and appoint them to their fields of labor. There are 18 in the Xorthern branch and 10 in the Southern Church. They have no dioceses and are all itinerant. The Keformcd Episcopal Church has 8 bishops, and the .frican -Methodist Episcopal Church 7. Other Protes- tant bodies in the United States have adopted the episcopal form of government, among them the L'nited Brethren in Christ and the Evangel- ical .Association. See Abchbishop; Apostolic Succession. For the discussion of the theory, consult; Lightfoot, Saint Paul's Epistle to the Philippians (London, 1808) ; Baur, Das Vltristenthum viid die christliche Kirche tier ersten drei Jahrhun- derte (Tubingen, 1853) ; Hatch, Organization of the Early Christian Churches (London, 1881); Wordsworth. Thcophihis Anr/lieanus (London, 1843); DoUinger, The First Age of the Church ( Eng. tr. O.xenham, London, 18GG) ; Moberly, Ministerial Priesthood (London, 1898); Reville, Les origines de I'episcopat (Paris, 1894). BISHOP. A beverage best known in England, composed of red wine (claret, Burgimdy, etc.) poured warm or cold upon ripe bitter oranges, sugared and spiced to taste, and drunk either hot or cold. The oranges should be carefully select- ed, and the white part between the peel and pulp thrown away. If white wine Ix; used, the bever- age is called cardinal: and with Tokay it be- comes pope. 'Bishop' was known under other names in Germany during the Middle Ages, hav- ing been imported into that country from France and Italy; its present name seems to have been bestowed during the Seventeenth Century. BISHOP, A.VNA RmiRE (1814-84). An Eng- lish operatic singer, born in London. She was the wife of the composer Sir Henry Rowley Bishop. Her first appearance was in 1837, and she soon became widely known in Europe and -America. In 1839 she sang in the principal cities of the Continent. She returned to England in 1840, and in the following year came to -America and became an exceedingly popular singer in the United States, Canada, and ilexico. She married Martin Schultz, a Xew York mer- chant, in 1858. In 1806 she sang in Manila and China. She lost her voice in 1868 and retired from the stage. BISHOP, Sir Henby Rowley (1786-1855). -An eminent English composer of music. He was born in London. His principal musical instruc- tor was Signor Francesco Bianchi, an opera com- poser settled in London. In 1800 Bishop was appointed compo.ser of ballet music at the opera. The opera (I'ircassian Bride (1809) won a tri- umph at Covent Garden, and a long list of works for the .stage followed. His most popular oper- atic compositions were Guy Mannering; The Hlave ; The Miller and His Men; Maid Marian; Satire Land; The Virgin of the Hun — all re- markable for their flowing melodies, animated style, and true musical power. From 1810 to 1824 he was director of the nmsic at Covent Gar- den Theatre. One of the first directors of the Philharmonic Society, he for many years eon- ducted the concerts of ancient mu.'dc. He ar- ranged several volumes of the National Melodies, and succeeded Sir John Stevenson as arranger of the airs selected by Moore for his Melodies. Bishop composed the familiar music to John Howard Payne's Home, Street Home. In 1839 be received the degree of bachelor of music from the University of Oxford, and in 1841 was elect- ed Reid professor of music in the University of Edinl)urgh. In 1842 he was knighted. He" re- signed his Edinburgh chair in 1843, and in 1848 was elected professor of music in the University of lixfonl. BISHOP, Isabella BrHD( 18.32- 1904). An Eng- lish traveler and author. She was born in York- shire, England, October 15, 1832, the daughter of Rev. Edward Bird. She began traveling in