Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/917

BERWALD. BERWALD, liri'wiilil. Johax Frederik (17H8-18G1). A Sweiiisli violin viituiiso and coiiiposor. He was born in Stockholm and was a pupil of the Abbo Vogler. He traveled as a juvenile prodigal- and was famous in Kussia, Po- land, Austria, and Germany, before he was 10 years old. In 1819 he became conductor in Stockholm, and occupied this position until his death. Among his principal compositions may be mentioned: three polonaises for pianoforte and violin, op. 1 ( 1701) ; a symphony for the or- chestra (ITili)): three quartets for stringed in- struments (1S08) ; and several songs.

BER'WICK, James Fitz-.James, Duke of (1670-1734). A French marslial. He was the natural son of James II., by Arabella Churchill, sister of the Duke of JIarlborough. He was born in France, where he was educated and entered the army. After serving in Hungary under Charles of Lorraine, he returned to England shortly be- fore the Revolution of 1G88, which he exerted himself to prevent. In 1089 he accompanied his father in his Irish expedition, and after the death of Saint Ruth had the nominal chief command. He next served in Flanders under Marshal Lux- embourg, fighting at Steenkirk and Neerwinden, and afterwards mider the Duke of Burgundy and Marshal Villeroi. In 1705 he put down a rising of the Camisards of Languedoc with great cru- elty. In 1706 he was created a marshal of France and sent at the head of an army to Spain, where he estaldished the throne of Philip V. by the decisive victory of Almanza. For this im- portant service he was made a grandee of Spain. He fought all through the War of the Spanish Succession, and led an army against Philip V. in 17 1 8. After several years of inactivity he re- ceived the command, in 1734, of an army intended to cross the Rhine. While besieging Philipsburg, he was killed by a cannon-hall. Berwick pos- sessed some of the best qualities of a great com- mander. His defensive campaign in 1709, in Provence and Dauj)liine, against the superior force of the Duke of Savoy, has always been re- garded as a triumph of strategic skill. His Mdmoires were published in Paris in 1778. Con- sult also Wilson, Duke of Berwick, Marshal of France (London, 1883).

BER'WICK, Miss Marv. The pen-name used in Legends and Lyrics (1858), by Miss Adelaide Anne Procter.

BER'WICKSHIRE. A maritime and border county in the southeast division of Scotland, bounded north by Haddington ; south and south- east by Roxburgh, Northumberland, and Dur- ham ; east Ijy the North Sea ; and west by Mid- Lothian and Roxburgh (Map: Scotland, F 4). Area, 401 square miles. It is an agricultural county. Berwickshire is divided into three dis- tricts — the Merse, Lammermuir, and Lauder- dale. The principal towns are Dunse; Green- law, the county-town: Lauder; Eyemouth, a prosperous fishing-station : Coldstream ; Ayton ; and Earlston, the Ercildoune of Thomas the Rhvmer. Population, in 1801, 30,200: in 1851, 36,.300: in 1891, 32,290: in 1901, 30,800.

BERWICK-UPON-TWEED, ber'ik- (short- ened from Abcrwick, from Celt, aber, confluence of waters + Teut. u-ich, Scand. tfick, dwelling, village). A seaport town in Northumberland, England, at the mouth of the Tweed, 58 miles south-southeast of Edinburgli ( Map : England, El). It is the frontier town of England and Scotland, and with its liberties comprising an area of about 8 miles, forms an independent bor- ough and county, known since the ilunicipal Re- form Act of 1835 as the "county of the borough and town of Berwick-upon-Tweed." For election purposes it is considered a part of Northumber- land, and as such sends one member to Parlia- ment. The town has an antiquated and some- what picturesque appearance. It is girded with old fortifications and has large barracks. Among its notable public buildings are the town-liall. dating from 1760, with a spire 150 feet high, and the Corn Exchange, built in 1858. Tweedmouth and Spittal (the latter a favorite watering- place), on the south side of the Tweed, both witliin the municipality of Berwick, are reached liy an old stone bridge and a magnificent viaduct of 28 arches spans the river. Its principal ex- ports are agricultural produce, ale, wool, whisky, and fish, especially salmon. Its principal im- ports are timber, iron, staves, flax, tallow, oil, and hemp. Coal-mines are worked near the town. The town contains an iron-foundry, in which mill- machinery and steam-engines are manufactured. For the manufacture of agricultural implements, Berwick-upon-Tweed stands high, and in Spittal there are .several large ai'tificial-manure w'orks. Population, in 1891, 13,377; in 1901, 13,437. The history of Berwick-upon-Tweed is full of interest, especially in regard to the Border Wars. Its authentic records begin in the reign of Alexander I., in the Twelfth Century, when it wivs the principal seaport of Scotland. In 1290 Edwai-d I. captured the town, and massa- cred 8000 of the inhabitants. It was retaken in 1297 by the Scots, but the English soon re- gained it and it remained in their hands through- out Edward's reign. It was captured by Bruce in 1318, but was reoccupied by Edward III. after a siege in 1333. For over acentury it suffered occasional attacks from the Scots, who held it for brief intervals, but in 1482 it passed finally into the possession of England.

BER'YL' (Lat. heri/llus, heriiUus, Gk. fiiipvX- Xos, beryllos, probably from Skr. vaidurya, origi- nally brought from Vidura). A glucinum-alu- minium silicate, which crystallizes in the hex- agonal system. It has a vitreous lustre, and varies in color from an emerald green to lighter shades of that color, and into light blue, yellow, white, and sometimes rose-red. There are two dis- tinct varieties of this mineral. The first is of a clear, bright, emerald-green color, which is due to the presence of a small amount of chromium, and is called emerald; this variety, however, must not be confounded with the Oriental emerald, which is a green variety of sapphire. The finest specimens are found in isolated crystals and in geodes with calcite. quartz, and other minerals. They come from New Granada, Brazil, and Si- beria; and from Alexander County, N. C, in the United States. When cut they are highly prized as gems. Among the ancients the emerald was greatly esteemed as a prophylactic against e])ilepsy and a cure for dysentery. It was supposed to guard the chastity of the wearer, and to resent any trespass by breaking into pieces. The emerald-mines of Cleopatra are believed to have been in the mountain range that ex- tends for a long distance parallel with the Red Sea and a few miles west of its c'oast, on the Nile. The transparent varieties of beryl are called