Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/91

AREHIDÆUS. under the name of Philip, with the understanding that if a son were born to Roxana, the widow of Alexander, he should be associated with Arrhidæus in the Government. The next year Arrhidæus married Adea, called Eurydice, the granddaughter of Perdiccas II. Two years later he and his wife were captured by Polysperchon, the leader of the cause of Alexander's son, born of Roxana, and both were put to death by the order of Olympias, the grandmother of the young king.

AR'RIA. The wife of the Roman Cæcina Pætus, who, for treason to the Emperor Claudius, was ordered to end his own life by suicide (in A.D. 42). When Pætus hesitated, she seized the dagger, drove it to the hilt into her own breast, and then handed it to him, saying calmly. "Pætus, it does not pain me!" ("Non dolet, Pæte!") She fell dead, and the husband at once dispatched himself with the reeking weapon.

ARRIAGA, iir'n'-ii'ga, (1562-1622). A Spanish Jesuit and author. He was born at Vergara, was rector of the Jesuit college at Arequipa, and subsequently the first rector of that at Lima. He wrote a valuable historical work, Estirpación de la idolatria de los Indios del Perú.

AR'RIA'NUS (Gk. Ἀρριανός, Arrhianos) (?-c. 180 A.D.). A distinguished historian and a native of Nicomedia, in Bithynia. He was born near the end of the First Century A.D., of good family, and upon obtaining the Roman citizen- ship, assumed the name Flavius. After complet- ing his education, he left home, and lived for some time, in the reign of Trajan, at Nicopolis, where he was a devoted pupil of the Stoic phi- losopher Epictetus. He won early in life the friendship of Hadrian, and was from time to time honored with marks of the Emperor's favor. While in the public service he traveled much, and became acquainted with a number of lands and peoples. In A.D. 130 he was consul suffectus, and soon after was made legatus Au- gusti pro prætore of the Province of Cappadocia, an office which he held for .several years. It was at this time that he successfully defended the Province of Cappadocia against an invasion of the Alani. Under Antoninus Pius he obtained the consulship, and in A.D. 147-48 he appears at Athens, where he had obtained the citizenship, as Archon Eponymos. He was also at some period of his life priest of Demeter (Ceres) in his native town. During the last half of his life, he seems to have kept himself apart from public service and to have devoted himself to letters.

As a writer Arrianus was a close imitator, both in point of subject and in point of style, of Xenophon. His relation to Epictetus was, in his own regard, that of Xenophon to Socrates, and he was known at Athens as the "younger Xeno- phon." He wrote on philosophical, historical, and military subjects. His philosophical writ- ings all related to Epictetus. Thr Discourses of Epictetus (^laTpijial 'E7r(Kr;/rot'") in eight books, the first four of which have been preserved, com- prised notes taken by Arrianus of his master's lectures, and put in form for publication. So far as possible, the original words of the master were preserved. A Manual of Ethics ('Eyxupi'^'of 'En-otr?/roi'), together with the commentary of Sim- plicius on the same, has also come down to us. The Conversations of Epitectus ('Oui?I(h ''EviKTT/Tov), in twelve books, is mentioned, though

this work was possibly another form of the Dis- courses. The most important historical work of Arrianus is The Anabasis of Alexander the Great, in seven books, which, both in the number of its books and in its style, is a reminiscence of Xenophon. The Anabasis not only contains the campaigns of Alexander in Asia, but is a com- plete narrative of the life of the King from the beginning of his reign to the time of his death. It is an impartial and accurate narrative, based on the most trustworthy authorities, and written in a plain and unadorned style. The two chief authorities used were Ptolemy, son of Lagus, and Aristobulus, both officers in Alexander's army. Besides these, the works of Eratosthenes, Megasthenes, Nearchus, and others, as well as the letters of Alexander, etc., were drawn upon. The Indica ( 'IviSik!/) is a geographical work, con- taining a description of India, together with an account of the voyage of Nearchus from the In- dus to the Euphrates, and is written in the Ionic dialect. The sources were principally Nearchus, Eratosthenes, and Megasthenes. It was append- ed to the Anabasis, of which it may be regarded as a continuation. The Events After Alexander, in ten books; The Bithyniaca, in eight books (containing a history of Bithynia from mythical times to the abdication of the last king. Nico- medes III., in B.C. 75), and The Parthica, in seventeen books (containing an account of the Parthian War under Trajan), have been lost. Of The Alanica, a history of the Alani, only a small extract, called 'EKviiiic /cor' 'A/.avuv is pre- served. The Periplus of the Euxine Sea is a description of a voyage around the Euxine Sea, undertaken by Arrianus in his official capacity as governor of Cappadocia. It was a report made to the Emperor Hadrian, and dates from A.D. 130-31. A second Periplus of the Euxine Sea and a Periplus of the Red Sea, to which the name of Arrianus is attached, are later compositions. A work on tactics, pre- served, was based on a work of the same name by Ælian, which, again, was taken in its main features from Asclepiodotus's work. The Cyne- geticus is a short treatise on hunting, written as a supplement to Xenophon's work on the same subject. Other works, not preserved, were biographies of Timoleon of Corinth and Dion of Syracuse, and a Life of Tilliborus, a famous robber of Asia Minor. Editions of the Anabasis are by Krüger (Berlin, 1848), Sintenis (Berlin, 1867), and Abicht (Leipzig, 1876). There is a translation by Chinnock (New York, 1893). The philosophical works are to be found in Schweig- hauser's Epicteteæ Philosophiæ Monumenta, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1799). They have been trans- lated by Elizabeth Carter (London, 1758), and by Thomas Wentworth Higginson (Boston, 1891). The best critical edition of Arrianus is that of Dübner and Müller (Paris, 1846).

ARRIAZA Y SUPERVIELA, iir'rA-ii'tha e snu'ijcr-vy.'i'hi, (1770-1837). A Spanish patriotic poet, born in Madrid. After serving for several years in the navy, he abandoned it for a diplomatic career, and became secretary of the legation, first in London, and afterwards in Paris. He returned to Spain in 1807, and did important service for his country during the French occupation by kindling the national spirit with his stirring Cantos patrioticos, issued in 1810. Subsequently, having declared him-