Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/909

BERNSTEIN. under the pseudonym of A. Relx>nstcin, 1834) and his jjublieation of the work entitled Da.t juiii/e DeulschlamI established his fame as a writer among the literary critics of Berlin. In 184!' he founded the Uricahlrrtcitinifi, in which (in 1851) he published some ultra-deuiocralie ar- ticles which brought about his imprisonment. The paper was finally suppressed in 1853, when Bernstein established the VolbszeUiiiii/, a jour- nal devoted, liUe its predecessor, largely to the dissemination of democratic views. His numer- ous and varied publications include Itcrolutions- und lieaktionsfieschichte Preussens und Deutscli- lands von den Miirzlaycn bis ziir iteiiestcn Ztil (3 vols., 1883) ; and Aus dem Reiche dcr Xatiir- u-issenschaft (1850), later republished under the title Xaturicissensclwflliclie ^'olksbucher (laSO, and frequently reprinted), a valuable work, which has been translated into nearly all the languages of Europe.

BERNSTEIN, Eduard (1850—). A Ger- man social-democratic leader, born in Berlin. In 1878 lie became private secretary to Hiiehberg, the publisher of the Zukunft, and from 1881 to 18110 was editor of the Sozialdemokraf. His socialistic views made it desirable for him to withdraw to London in 1888, but he returned to tieruiany, and iu 1001 became editor of the Vor- iriirtf:. Bernstein combats Mar.x's laissez-faire teaching — that the concentration of capital, the extinction of the entrepreneur, and the rapid growth of the proletariat class presage the desir- able and inevitable industrial revolution, and that, therefore, partial reforms in the interests of the latter class are undesirable by contra- dicting at the outset the assertion about the disappearance of the middleman. As a matter of fact, he declares, the entrepreneur class is being steadily recruited from the proletariat class, and therefore all compromise measures, such as the State regulation of the hours of labor, provisions for old-age pensions, and so on, are to be encouraged and taken advantage of. For this reason he urges the laboring classes to take an active interest in politics. His pub- lished works, besides an edition (1891-93) of the speeches and writings of Lasalle, include Die ,Vorausseizungen des liozialismvs nnd die Aiif- r/ahen der Hozinhlemokrniie (1809); Zur Ge- schichte tmd Theorie des Sozialismus (1900), and other works.

BERNSTEIN, Georg Heinrich (1787-18GO). A Geruuin Orientalist. He was born .January 12, 1787, at Cospeda, near .Jena. He studied at the universities of .Jena, Leipzig, and Got- tingen, and in 1812 became assistant profes- sor of Orientiil literature at the University of Berlin, and in 1821 full professor at Breslau. He made many journeys to the great libraries of Europe, visiting Oxford, London, Cambridge, Florence, Rome, Naples, and Venice, and gather- ing scientific material drawn chiefly from manu- script sources. His greatest philological activity was displayed in tlie publication of 8yriac texts, the most noteworthy being the Chronicle of Bar- Hebrwus (1822) and portions of the same au- thor's Uovreum Mysterionun (1858). In the do- main of Arabic literature, he is known for his edition of the Poem of Safi cd-din (1816). He also published a new and entirely revised edition of Kirsch's Chrestomathia Si/riaea (1832-36), which is still used as a text-book at universities. It was his intention to publish an elaborate Syriae dictionary, of which, however, only the first part appeared (1857). He died at Lauban, on April 5, 1860.

BERNSTEIN, Julius (1839—). A Ger- man jihysiologist, born in Berlin. He became professor of physiology at Heidelberg in 1869, at Berlin in 1871,"and at Halle in 1872. The char- acter of liis researches is expressed in the titles of such works by him as L'ntersiicltKngen iiber den Erre<iun(jsvoryang im S erven- nnd Muskel- sijstem (1871) and Die fiinf Hinne des Menschen (2d cd., 1889).

BERNSTORFF, bern'storf. Albrecht, Count (1809-1873). A Prussian diplonuitist and states- man, born at Dreilutzow ( Mecklenburg-Schwer- in). He was secretary of legation at Saint Petersburg and Paris, and in 1840 was sent as envoy to Naples. He was appointed .Embassador at Vienna in 1848. at Naples in 18.52, and at JjOndon in 1854. As Minister of Foreign Afi'airs in 1861-62. he concluded commercial treaties with China and .Japan. From 1867 to 1871 he was Ambassador at London, successively of Prussia, the North German Confederation, and the Ger- man Empire.

BERNSTORFF, Andreas * Peter, Count (1735-97). -A. Danish statesman. Minister of Foreign .iTairs iu Denmark from 1772 to 1780, and from 1784 to 1797. He was born in Hanover and was the nephew of Johann Bernstorff. He was instrumental in securing the emancipation of the Danish peasantry begun by his uncle: took an ai-tive part in concluding the negotiations for the 'armed neutrality' (q.v.), and arranged for the abolition of serfdom in Schleswig-Holstein. He was a steadfast champion of liberal princi- ples and energetically opposed every restriction of the press.

BERNSTORFF, .Joha^m Haktwig Ernst, Count (1712-72). A Danish statesman, born in Hanover. He was the representative of the Gov- ernment at the Diet of Ratisbon in 1737. and became Minister of Foreign Afi'airs in 1751. To his policy was due the neutrality of Denmark during the Seven Years' War, and he contrib- uted in every way to the prosperity of the coun- try, promoting commerce, industries, art, and science. He emancipated the peasants on his estates. Frederick the Great styled him the 'Oracle of Denmai'k.'

BERN'WARD, bern'vart. A German eccle- siastic, Bishop of Hildesheim from 903 to 1022. He was at first Court chaplain of Emperor Otho HI. He greatly promoted the welfare of his bishopric. He founded the cloister of Saint iviichael, and began the erection of Saint Mi- chael's Church. He surrounded Hildesheim with walls, and developed art and industry. He was canonized in 1193. Consult the biography by Thankmar, in ilonumenta Gernuniia' Historica, Vol. IV. (Berlin. 1893) : and Sommerwerck, Der heilige licrna-fird (Hildesheim, 1885).

BEROALDO, bu'ro-al'dft, FiLiPPO (1453- 1.505). . Italian scholar, born at Bologna. He gave lectures at Parma, Milan, and Paris, and was afterwards professor of ancient literature at the University of Bologna. He published valu- able annotated editions of Lucan, Suetonius, Aulus Gellius, Propertius, and other Latin au- thors, thus contributing much to the literary