Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/903

BERNARD OF CLUNY. The Rhythm of Bernard dc Morlaix on the Celes- tial Counlrif. Latin and English (London, 1859; 7th ed.. isnr,).

BERNARD, I,ni-'n;lr', Claude (1813-78). A French physiologist. He was born at Saint- Julien, near Villefranche, in the Department of Rhone, July 12, 1813. He studied medicine in Paris; was admitted in 1839 as a surgical interne in one of the hospitals, and in 1841 be- came one of JIagendie's assistants at the Coll&ge de France. He was graduated in 1843 a doctor in medicine, and ten years later a doctor in science; and was appointed in February, 1854, to the chair of general physiology in connection with the Faculty of Sciences in Paris. The same year he was chosen member of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1855 he succeeded Magendie as professor of experimental physiology in the Col- li'^ge de France. Bernard's first researches were devoted to the physiological study of the various secretions of the alimentary canal. His memoir, published in 1844 in the Gazette mddicale, treats of the mechanism by which the gastric juice is secreted, and also of the modifications which ali- mentary substances undergo from that liquid. To the Comptes reiidiis of the biological society he also contributed papers on the saliva, on the intestinal juice, on the inlluenee of the diff'erent pairs of nerves on the digestive apparatus, and on the respiratory and circulatory systems. His first really original paper, however, treated of his Researches on the Function of the Pancreas, in which he demonstrated that that viscus is the true agent of the digestion and of fatty bodies. This essay obtained, in 1849. the grand prize of , .the French Academy in experimental physiology, and was printed in the Comptes rendiis of the Academy of Sciences in 1856. In 1849 appeared . his first researches on the glycogenic function of the liver, establishing the doctrine that the blood which enters the liver does not contain sugar, while blood which leaves that organ and goes to the heart by the hepatic veins is charged with it. He also showed the influence of the nervovis sys- tem on this function, demonstrating that the formation of sugar in the liver could be inter- rupted by division of the pneuniogastric nerve, and also that a puncture of the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain produced diabetes. For these discoveries, which were keenly criti- cised, but are now regarded as veritable, he obtained, in 1851, the grand prize of the French Academy in experimental phj'siology. In 1852 he published his experimental researches on the great sympathetic system, and on the influence exerted by division of the sympathetic nerve on animal heat. This paper procured him for the third time the prize of experimental physiology, in 1853. From 1854. when he succeeded Roux as member of the Institute, he continued his re- searches on the glycogenic function of the liver, and also published his courses of lectures at the College de France on Experimental Physiologii in Its Application to Medicine (1855-5G) ; on The Effects of Toxic and Medicated Substances ( 1857) ; on The Physiology and Pathology of the Nervous System (1858); on The Physiological Properties and the Pathological Alteration of the Various Liquids of the Organism (1859); on Nutrition and Developmrnt (1860) ; and his In- troduction to the Study of Experimental Medi- cine (1865). In 1862 he became officer of the Legion of Honor; in 1867, commander; and in 1869 he was made a member of the Academy. He was a founder of the SoeiCtS de Biologic, and its president from 1867 to the time of his death. He died in Paris. His obsequies were conducted at the public expense, which was an honor never before conferred on a scientific man.

BERNARD, ber'nerd, Sir Francis (?171I-79). An Knglish lawyer; a colonial governor of Massachusetts and New -Jersey. He graduated at Oxford in 1736, distinguished himself at the bar, and in 1758 was appointed the Governor of New Jersey, whence, after two years, he was transferred to the Colony of Massachusetts Bay. During the early part of his administration he enjoyed the good will of the people: but on the division of the two parties he favored the Crown, and by his harsh measures contributed greatly toward hastening the Revolutionary War. On the strength of his unfavorable representations regarding the designs of the colonists, troops were ordered to Boston, and the indignation aroused by this act was increased by his pro- roguing the General Court because that body re- fused to vote supplies for the soldier.s. In 1769 he was recalled, and his departure was made an occasion of general public rejoicing. He took a special interest in Harvard College, and when its library was destroyed by fire in 1764 he raised funds for replacing it. He published Let- ters to the Ministry (1769) ; Select Letters on the Trade and Gorernmcnt of America (1774), etc. ; and his Letter Books are now in the library of Harvard University, as the bequest of Dr. Jared Sparks, who bought them in 1848.

BERNARD, John Henry (1860 — ). An English clergj-man and author. He was born in India and was educated at Trinity College, Dub- lin, where he received several prizes. He was made chaplain to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1886. He translated. several of the philo- sophical works of Kant, and has published the following: From Faith to Faith: University Sermons (1895) ; Archbishop Benson in Ireland (with Professor Atkinson, 1896) ; Via Domini: Cathedral Sermons (1898); The Irish Liber Hymnortim (1898).

BERNARD, Montague (1820-82). An English Lawyer, born at Tibberton Court, Gloucestershire, and educated at Trinity College. He was appointed to the newly established chair of international law and diplomacy at Oxford in 1859. He was one of the commissioners who came to the United States and signed the Treaty of Washington (1871). and in 1872 represented the British Government at Geneva. In 1874 he resigned his professorship at Oxford, because of the pressure of his public employments, but he afterwards was active in bringing about the compromise by which the interests of the college and the university were identified. His literary works include numerous lectures on international law and related subjects.

BERNARD, Saint, of Mentone (923-1007). The founder of the hospices upon the Great and Little Mount Saint Bernard. He was born at Mentone, near Annecy, Savoy, 923; was well educated, as his parents were titled people; early embraced a priestly life at Aosta, and became archdeacon of the city. Later on he took up the monastic life and founded the hospices (962). He died at Novara, probably May 28, 1007. Other