Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/897

BERLIN. buildings erected, and numerous public institu- tions founded, chief among them the L luversity of Berlin (1809). The last quarter ot the Nine- teenth Century was a period of tremendous growth in wealth and population. <lue in part to the wreat industrial development of the city, and in part to its position as the capital of the new and powerful tierman Empire.

. For history of Berlin, see Kliiden, Veber die Entstchun<j, das Alter wid die friiheste aeschichfe der Sliidte Berlin una holla (Berlin, 18:J0) : Streckfuss, oOO ./ahre lierhner (ieschichle (Berlin, 1880) ; L. Geiger, Oeschichte des geistigen Lebens (Berlin, 1892) ; Pullard, A Study in Mnniripal Vovernment (London, 1893) • i^haw. Municipal Vovernment in Conti- nental ICuro,,c (New York, 189.5); Maltbie, Municipal Functions (New York, 1809) ; Statis- tisches Jahrhuch deulscher Stiidte (Breslau, 1890-1901) : Statislisches Jahrhuch der Stadt Berlin (Berlin, 1897-1900).

BERLIN, ber'lin. A city in Coos County, N. H., on the Androscoggin River, and on the Grand Trunk and the Boston and JIaine rail- roads (Slap: New Hampshire, K 4). It has an attractive situation, 10 miles from the base of llount Washington, is surrounded by rugged mountains, and' possesses valuable water-power, the river here having a fall of 400 feet m six miles. Berlin has a public library, good water and sewerage systems, and is lighted by elec- tricity The leading m.anufactures include pulp, the sulphite pulp-mill being considered the largest in the country, paper, lumber m various products, and shoes. Fully $8,000,000 of capital is invested in these industries, employing nearly 3000 pcrs(ms. with an annual production worth nearly *0,000,000. Population, in 1890, 3729; in 1900. 8880.

BERLIN. A city in Green Lake County, Vis., 90 miles northwest of Milwaukee; on the Fox River, and on the Chicago, Jlilwaukee and Saint Paul Railroad (Map: Wisconsin, E 5). It has granite quarries, dairy and cran- berry interests, and manufactories of brooms, washboards, gloves, mittens, fur coats, shoes, bricks, and dairy, creamery, and apiary supplies. Settled in 1847, Berlin was first incorporated in 1856 It is now governed under a charter adopt- ed in 1887, which provides for a mayor, elected biennially, and a city council. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Popiilation. in 1890, 4149; in 1900, 4489.

BERLIN. An old-fashioned four-wheeled cov- ered carriage, with a suspended body, seating two persons, having a seat behind covered with a hood It owes its name to the fact that it was first made about the year 1070 in Berlin, Prussia, from designs furnished by the architect of the Elector of Brandenburg.

BERLIN, Congress of. The European diplomatic conference which met at Berlin, June 13 1878, to settle the Eastern Question (q.v.), and especially those phases of it which grew out of the Russo-Turkish War (q.y.). Teniporarily restrained by the Crimean War and the Treaty ot Paris of 1856, Russia had resumed, after the downfall of Napoleon III., her historic policy of intervention in the affairs of the Turkish Empire for the purpose of reaching the Mediterranean. The result was the Russo-Turkish War of 1877- 78. The overwhelming success of Russia's armies filled with consternation the rivals of that em- pire, and especially Austria-Hungary and Great Britain, with their interests in tlie Balkan States and the eastern Mediterranean respectively. When Russia wrung from the Porte the Treaty of San Stefano, Great Britain and Austria united in declaring it unsatisfactory, and in demanding a European congress to revise its provisions. Germany had hitherto kept out of the Eastern imbroglio, but her Chancellor, Prince Bismarck, now cariie forward with an invitation to the Powers to hold the Congress in Berlin. The meetings were held at the Radziwill Palace. Bismarck's residence, and under liis presidency. The delegates from Great Britain were Lord Bea- consf.eld. Lord Salisbury, and Lord Russell; from Russia, Prince Gortchakotf, Count Shuvaloff, and Baron d'Oubril ; from Germany, Prince Bis- marck, Prince Hohenlohe, and General von Bu- low; from Austria-Hungary, Count Andrftssy, Count Karolvi, and Baron Haymerle : from France, M. w'addington and the Comte de Saint Vallier; from Italy, Counts Corti and de Launay; and from Turkey." Karatheodori Pasha, Sadoul- lah Bev, and Mehemet Ali Pasha. Delegates from Greece, Rumania, Servia and Montenegro attended the sessions in which their States were concerned, but were not members of the Congress. Russia had been compelled to concede that the whole of the San Stefano Treaty should be taken up for consideration, and the Congress revised or eliminated eighteen of its twenty-nine articles- all that had any political signifteaiice— and effect- ed a rearrancement of the Eastern situation, usino- as a foundation the treaties of Pans ( 1856) and Sf London ( 1871 ) . It reaffirmed the principle that the status of the Turkish Empire was to be decided by the Powers jointly, and not by any one of them.' The provisions of the earlier treaties that were retained related to commercial ques- tions On the political side, a new jjrocedure was adopted, reaffirming emphatically the prin- ciple of nationality so far as the Balkan peoples were concerned. Rumania. Servia, and Mon- tene-ro were declared independent principalities. The°tributary principality of Bulgaria and the autonomous 'province of Eastern Rumelia were carved out of the Turkish territoiy.

The first twelve articles related to Bulgaria (q v ), which Russia had sought at San Stefano to erect into a State reaching from the Danube to the Ecean. The Congress greatly reduced the area of'^the new State, but granted to Bulgaria autonomy and guarantees against Turkish oppression. 'The next ten articles concerned Eastern Rumelia, a part of the proposed Greater Bulgaria This was made a Turkish province, to be ruled by a Christian governor, but it soon took its destiny into its own hands and effected a union with Bulgaria. By Articles XXIII. and XXIV. the Porte agreed "scrupuiously to apply in the island of Crete the Orgaiiic Law of 1808, with such modifications as mav be considered equitable." and to rectify the Greek boundary. Article XXV. placed Bosnia and Herzegovina under the administration of Austria-lfungary, although they remained under Turkish sovereignty. The independence, delimitation, and cxternaL relations of Jlontenegro were treated in 7 articles ; S were taken up by a sim- ilar adjustment for Servia, and 9 for Rumania. The Dobrudja was given to Rumania: Servia received large accessions of territory