Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/89

ARRANGING. ARRANG'ING (Fr. arranger, to put into rank, order, from à, Lat. ad, to + rang, rank, order). In music the working over of a composition for performance by musical agencies other than those originally designated by the composer. Thus, orchestral works, as, e.g. symphonies or overtures, are arranged for the piano, or compositions written for the piano for four hands are arranged for one piano; vocal compositions, as, e.g. operas, or songs, may be arranged for some instrument, usually for the piano. When the arrangement is not a mere mechanical transcription of the notes written by the composer, but implies some creative work of the arranger, inspired by the original music, then it bears various names, as, e.g. pot-pourri (q.v.), or fantasia (q.v.). Liszt (q.v.) was one of the most famous of arrangers.

ARRAS, ilr'riis' (from Atrebates, Latin name of a Gallic tribe). A fortified town, capital of the Department of Pas-de-Calais, in France (Map: France, J 1), and formerly capital of the county of Artois (q.v.). It is situated on the banks of the Scarpe, partly on an eminence, and partly on a plain, and consists of four divisions — the city, upper town, lower town, and citadel. It is a principal station on the French Northern Rail- way, distant from Paris by this route 134 miles, and from Brussels 97 miles. The houses are of hewn stone, and in the lower town they are handsomely built and uniform: the streets are straight and wide, set otf with several fine squares and many beautiful public buildings. Among the principal edifices are the Cathedral of Notre Dame, built in a composite Italian style, between 1755 and 1833; the residence of the prefect, the town-hall, the theatre, and the pub- lic library, which contains 40,360 printed and 1231 manuscript books. Arras ranks as a forti- fied town of the third class, its fortifications being the first that were constructed by the celebrated Vauban, according to his own system. It has been the seat of a bishop since A.D. 390, and two ecclesiastical councils have been held here — one in 1025, the other in 1490. The grain market of Arras is the most important in the north of France. Its principal manufactures are beet sugar, agricultural implements, hosiery, lace, pottery, and leather. Its trade, which is considerable, is in grain and flour, oil, wine, and brandy, and the industrial products of the city. It appears from the writings of Jerome that Arras was remarkable for its woolen manufac- tures in his time; and afterwards, during the Middle Ages, it was famed for its tapestry; in- deed, the name of the town was transferred to this article of manufacture, and arras was the name given in England to any richly figured hangings. Population, in 1890, 20,599. In 1482 Arras, with Artois, was ceded by the States of the Netherlands to Louis XI. of France: but the inhabitants having revolted, the King laid siege to the town, stormed it, and slew or expelled the people, whom he replaced by others brought from all parts of his dominions, ordering the city to be thenceforward called Franchise, to obliterate the very name of Arras. Soon afterwards (1493) it was ceded to Maximilian of Austria, and was retained by the Spanish branch of the house of Hapsburg till 1640, when Louis XIII. of France took it after a long siege. By the Treaty of the Pyrenees it was finally ceded to France. Arras suffered much in the time of the first French Revolution, especially in the year 1793. Robespierre and his brother were natives of the town.

AR'RAS. A name for large tapestries used as wall-hangings. They appear to have been first made in large numbers at Arras, in Flanders; hence their name, which in Italian is arazzi. It preserved this name even after Arras ceased to be the great centre of their manufacture, in the Fifteenth Century. Among the most famous single series is that for which Raphael made designs.

ARRATE Y ACOSTA, ar-rii'tsi e .i-kOs'tA, José Martin Félix (1697-1766). A Cuban his- torian. He was born at Havana, studied law in Mexico and Havana, and was appointed alcalde of Havana in 1752. He wrote a history of Cuba, under the title Llave del Nuevo Mundo y ante- mural de las Indias Occidentales, which was not published until 1830. A new edition appeared in 1876.

ARRAWAK, iir'ra-wak." See.

ARREBO, ar'rc-bo, (1587-1637). A Danish poet, born at Aroöskjöbing. He was appointed Bishop of Drontheim, and was one of the promoters of the Renaissance poetry. He wrote some secular verse, but is best known for his Hexaëmeron, a description of the six days of the Creation, and a metrical translation of the Psalms of David. For his life, consult the biography by Rördam (Copenhagen, 1857).

ARREST (Low Lat. arrestare, from Lat. ad, to + restare, to stop behind). The apprehension or detention of a person by authority of law. If the seizure or restraint is unlawful, it amounts to false imprisonment. (See .) At present arrest takes place more frequently in criminal than in civil proceedings. Not so formerly. (1) Civil arrest. — By a fiction of the common law a person who did not pay a judgment against him was deemed guilty of a breach of the peace, "subjecting his body to imprisonment," says Blackstone, "by the writ of capias ad respondendum." The judges who established this fiction had no bowels of compassion for the insolvent debtor. Said Justice Hyde, in 1663: "If a man is taken in execution and lies in prison for debt, neither the plaintiff, at whose suit he is arrested, nor the sheriff who took him is bound to find him meat, drink, or clothes. He must live on his own, or on the charity of others, and if no man will relieve him, let him die in the name of God, says the law, and so say I." This inhuman policy worked badly, as inhuman policies generally do; and a few years after Justice Hyde's heartless declaration. Parliament felt compelled to enter upon a course of mitigating legislation, which terminated during the last century in the abolition of imprisonment for debt, both in Britain and in this country. In some civil actions a party is still subject to arrest, either during its progress or upon its termination. As a rule these actions are of a quasi-criminal nature, e.g. to recover a fine or a penalty; or they are brought to redress wrongs to person or property done by the one arrestable. Ordinarily, a warrant of arrest in a civil suit will not justify the officer in breaking into a house to take the party; nor can it be lawfully executed on Sunday; nor are certain privileged persons, such as foreign repre-