Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/889

BERKELEY. which was called forth by the craze in connection with the South Sea scheme. In 1721 he re- turned to Ireland, and in 172-t he became Dean of Derry, with an income of £1300, and resigned his fellowship.

Berkeley was not a man to remain in the enjoy- ment of leisure and opulence. The Dean of Derry set to devising schemes of usefulness, fix- ing at last on one by which his deanery and in- come w-ere to be exchanged for exile and £100 a year. This was the Bermuda College scheme for training pastors for the colonies and mis- sionaries to the American Indians. Swift, fail- ing to induce him to give up the project, made inliuence with ministers to support it, which they promised to do. Full of hope, Berkeley pre- pared for his exile. He married, in August, 1728, Anna, daughter of Right Hon. John Fors- ter. Speaker of the Irish House of Commons, and soon after sailed for Rhode Island. In that State, not far from Newport, he wrote the larger ]>art of Alciphron; or, Ike Minute Philosopher 1 1732), his favorite resort being a natural recess in the rocks on the seashore. In 1733 he published his Theory of Visual Language Vindicated. The support promised by the Government was never given to him, and after a few years he returned to England in 1732. In 1734 he received the bishopric of Cloyne, as a mark of favor from Queen Caroline. He was now once more in the enjoyment of leisure, of which he availed himself to write many works. In 1744 he gave the world his notions of the virtues of tar-water, and his revised philosophical ideas in a book entitled iS'in'.s." A C'liain of Philosophical Reflec- tions, etc. In this work he made an attempt to do philosophical justice to the element of per- nuinenee in experience; but it cannot be said that he succeeded in doing more than setting a problem for subsequent idealism. His last work was Further Thoughts on Tar-Water, published in 1752. The fact is, he was hypochondriacal for many years before his death. He died at Ox- ford, whither he had gone to live with his son, who was studying at Christ Church. A genial companion, an aft'eetionate and steady friend, he was loved by all of his contemporaries who enjoyed his society; a graceful writer, a subtle philosopher, and an active churchman, his whole life was devoted to usefulness, and ennobled by the purity of his aspirations. The best edition of his works is that of Fraser (2d ed., Oxford, 1902), one volume of which is devoted to a life; consult also for a briefer biography Fraser, Berkeley (London, 1881), and for philosophical criticism Frederichs, ZJeber Berkeley s Idealismus (Berlin, 1870) ; Spicker, Kant, Hume und Berke- ley (Berlin, 1873); Janitsch, Kants Urteil, iiher Berkeley (Strassburg, 1879); Penjon, Etudes sur la vie et les oeuvres philosophiques de Berkeley (Paris, 1878).

BERKELEY, Mii,es Joseph (1803-89). An English botanist. He was educated at Cam- bridge, and was subsequently a curate at Mar- gate, and rural dean of Oundle and Welford. He wrote British Algw (1833) ; the concluding vol- ume of English Flora ; articles on diseases of plants, and on vegetable pathologj'; an Introduc- tion to Cryptogantic Botany (1857) ; and works on fungi, mosses, etc.

BERKELEY, Sir William (1610-77). A colonial governor of Virginia. He was born near London, and graduated at Oxford, in 1029. lu U)41 he was connnissioned Governor of Virginia, and during the Civil War in England kept that colony loyal to the King until Uiol, when the adherents" of Cromwell gained the ascendency, and made Richard Bennet Governor in Berkeley's place. He remained in the colony, however, and in 1060 was chosen Governor by the General As- sembly. He soon completely lost favor with the people by his arbitrary policy, his obstinacy, and his persistent refusal to furnish protection against the Indians; and a rebellion against him led by Nathaniel Bacon (q.v. ) failed only be- cause of the sudden deatli of its leader. He was forced to resign the governorship, and in the same year returned to England. He was the author of A Discourse and View of Virginia (1063), and a drama called The Lost Lady (1639).

BERKELEY DIVIN'ITY SCHOOL. A Protestant Episcopal theological seminary. It was organized in 1849 by John Williams, fourth Bishop of Connecticut, and then president of Trinity College, Hai-tford, Conn., as a theological department of the College. Later, however, the seminary was put upon an independent basis, and removed to Middletown, Conn. The gradu- ates of the seminary number many of the best- known ministers of the Episcopal Church. The value of the college buildings and grounds is about S90,000, and the endowment fund aggre- gates $350,000. Of late years the number of students has declined.

BERKELEY (berk'li) SPRINGS. A town and county-seat of Morgan (_'ounty, W. Va., 100 miles northwest of Washington, D. C. ; near the Potomac River and on a branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (Map: West Virginia, F 2). It is a popular resort, frequented for its warm (74° F. ) mineral springs, which have medicinal properties, and contains Mount Wesley Academy and Gill Park. Among its industrial enter- prises are planing and flouring mills, shovel- factory, etc. Berkeley Springs was settled as earlv as 1775, and was incorporated in 1872. Population, in 1900, 781.

BERKHAMPSTEAD, Great. See Great Berkiiampsteai).

BERK'LEY. A town in Norfolk County, Va., on the Elizabeth River, opposite Norfolk and Portsmouth, with which places it is connect- ed by ferry, and on the Norfolk and Western and the Norfolk and Southern railroads (ilap: Virginia, H 5). It contains the Berkley Collegi- ate and Military Institute and other private schools. The town is in a productive truck- farming region, and is the seat of a large trade in lumber and of extensive lumber-manufacturing interests. There are also shipyards, foinidries, knitting-mills, fertilizer-works, etc. Population, in 1S90, 3899; in 1900, 4988.

BERK'SHIRE (shorter Berks, the birches, AS. hirce, heorc, birch). A midland county of England, bounded north by Gloucester, Oxford, and Bucks ; east by Oxford and Bucks : south- east b,v Surrey; south by Hanqjshire, and west by Wiltshire "(Map: England, E 5). Its area is 712 square miles, nearly one-half of which is under tillage, one-fourth in pastui-e, and one- sixteenth in forest. The population are chiefly engaged in stock-raising and agricultural pur- suits. The capital is Reading. Population, in