Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/879

BEBEANS. searched the Scriptures daily" (Acts xvii. 11). The founder of the Bereiins was the Rev. John Barclay, a native of Perthshire (born 1734, died 17!)S). From him they also received the name of Barclayans. They believe that the knowledge of (iod's existence and character is derived from the Bible alone, and not from reason or nature; that the Psalms of David do not relate to David at all, but exclusively to Christ; that assurance is of the essence of faith; and that unbelief is the unpardonable sin. In the ordinary points of doctrine they are Calvinistic. See Barclay, Joii.x.

BEBENDT, b.Vrfnt, Ivael Hermann (1817- 78). A (ierinan ethnologist. He was born in Danzig, studied medicine, taking his degree at Kiinigsberg, and in 1S43 settled as a practicing ])hysician at Breslan, where he also lectured at the university. In ISol he came to America, his political attitude during the preceding revo- lutionary period having rendered his stay in the fatherland mulesirable. He went first to Nica- ragiia, where he devoted himself to the study of ethnography and natural history, and then, from 185.5 to 18(i2, lived at Vera Cruz, in Mexico. Retiring from the practice of medicine, he devoted himself entirely to scholarly pur- suits, and made a special study of the ethnol- ogy and linguistics of the Mayan tribes. In ISU;! he came to the United States, and soon afterward made a journey to Yucatan, at the request of the Smithsonian Institution, which published the results of his investigations in its report for 18C7. Two years later lie was in Tabasco, Mexico, searching the ruins of Ceutla, and in 1874 went to Guatemala, and settled at Coban, where his time was divided between the study of the JIayan dialects and the raising of tobacco. Besides numerous contributions to sci- entific periodicals, he published, among other works: Analytical Alphabet of tlic Mexican and Central American Languages (1869); Los es- critos de Don Joaquin Ctarcia Ica::brilceta (1870); Los trabajos lingnisticos dc Don Pio Perez (1871) : Cartilla en lengua Maya (1871).

BERENGAR, ba'ren-gar, I. (? — 924). King of Italy from 888 to 9;24, and Roman Em- peror after 915. He was originally Margrave of Friuli, and on the death of Charles the Fat (q.v. ), in 888, he was crowned King of the Lom- bards. In the following year, however, he was defeated by Guido, Duke of Spoleto, who suc- ceeded him as King. On the death of Lambert, son of Guido, in 898, Berengar was restored to his title, and in 915 he was crowned Emperor. Throughout his reign the nobles of Tuscan3' and Spoleto were o])posed to him, and summoned to their aid northern princes who aspired to the imperial dignity. In despair. Berengar called in the dreaded Hungarians, and for this act, prob- ably, he was assassinated in 924.

BERENGAR II. (?— 9fin). The grandson of Berengar I. and King of Italy after 950. His enemies sununoned to their aid Otho I. of Ger- many, and Berengar was obliged to become his vassal. After the death of Alberic, the ruler of Spoleto and patrician of the Romans, Berengar became very powerful. Again his enemies sum- moned Otho. Berengar was dethroned in 9(51 and imprisoned at Bamberg, where he died in 9GG.

BERENGARIA, bi'ren-ga'rl-a (?-c.l2.30). The t^ueen of Richard the Lion-hearted, King of England. She was the daughter of Sancho VI. of Navarre, and was betrothed to Richard soon after his suceession to the throne, joining him in March, 1101, at Roggio in southern Italj', where the English King had arrived on his way to the Holy Land. She was married to him on May 12th at Limasol in Cyprus, and accompanied hira to Acre, where the (Jueen remained while Rich- ard was carrying on his campaigns against the Saracens. The English sailed from Acre in Oc- tober, 1192. While Richard was a prisoner in Germany, Berengaria took up her residence in Poitou. After Richard's release from captivity an estrangement arose between him and Berenga- ria, and it is doubtful whether she ever rejoined the King. She died at T.e Tvlans. in JIaine, soon after 1230, and was buried in the Church of Pietas Dei at Espan, which she had founded. Berengaria was of remarkable beauty and exceed- ingly accoinplislicd for her age.

BER'ENGA'RIUS OF TOURS, toor (e.lOOO- 1088). A French scholastic theologian. He was born at Tours, in France. His master, Ful- bert de Chartres, is reported to have j)rophesied on his death-bed that Berengarius w-ould prove a dangerous man. He became a canon of Tours, and about 1040 preceptor of the school of St. Martin, in Tours, and archdeacon of Angers. Here he continued to deliver his metaphysico- theological prelections, and drew upon himself the charge of heresy, in reference to the doe- trine of transubstantiation. He held the doc- trine of Scotus Erigena, that the bread and wine in the sacrament of the Eucharist remained bread and wine, and that the faith of the be- liever who recognized their symbolic meaning transformed them only subjectively into the body and blood of Christ. This interpretation was condemned by Pope Leo IX. (1049-50), and also by King Henry I. of France. In 1054 he re- tracted his opinion before the Council of Tours ; but what Berengarius meant by 'retraction' it is not easy to see ; for he immediately returned to his conviction, and recommenced the advocacy of it. For this he was cited to appear at Rome, where he repeatedly abjured his 'error,' but never seems to have really abandoned it. Hilde- brand, who was then Pope, treated him with great moderation ; and at last, when he discov- ered how liopeless it was to bind down Berenga- rius by abjurations or declarations, he conceived it best to let him alone. Harassed and weak- ened by the attacks of the orthodox party, headed by Lanfranc of Canterbury, Berengarius finally retired to the Isle of St. Cosmos, near Tours, in 1080, where he spent the last years of his life in devotional exercises. He died .January (i, 1088. The greater number of his works are lost. Such as are ext.ant have been collected and published by A. F. and F. T. Vischer (Berlin. 1834). Chief is his De Sacra Cccna. Also in Migne, Pat. Lat. CLXXVIII. Cf. H. Sudeiidorf, Berengarius Turo- nensis oder eine Sammlung ihn betreffcnder Brief c (Berlin. 18.')(1).

BER'ENGER, Lady Eveline. A lady of imperious character in The Betrothed, by Scott. She is the daughter of Sir Raymond, and has been affianced to Sir Hugo de Lacy. The latter finally resigns her in favor of his nephew. Sir Damian.