Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/876

BERANGER, Beranger retired to Passy, published a fifth col- lection of songs in 1833, and nothing further. He accepted the honor of an election to the Con- stituent Assembly of the Second Republic, took his seat, but immediately resigned it. Honors from the Second Empire he steadfastly refused. He died July 16, 1857, and was buried at public cost and with great distinction. Beranger was a worthy man and a good patriot, but he was emi- nently the poet of the masses— coarse, sensuous, grandiloquent. His songs deal with love, wine, politics, sentiment, and with Napoleon, whose mighty legend he did much to establish. Thus he continues the song-Titing of the Eight- eenth Century in his Gallic mocking spirit; while on the' other hand, he is a thorough- going democrat hose belief in the wisdom of the majority is his creed. He reflected faith- fully tlie mind of the great middle class, their V'oltaireanism, their inclination to hero-worship, their love of good cheer, their complacent cyni- cism. This insured his popularity then, and maintains it still. A volume of poems written between 1834 and 1851 appeared as Derniers Chansons (Last Songs) after his death; also an autobiography {Ma Biotjrajihie, 1858). A Vie de Beranger was written and his Correspondance edited by Paul Boiteau (5 vols., ISOO-Ol) ; Jules Janin, Beranger et son temps (18GG), is also use- ful. Consult also: Sainte-Beuve, Portraits contemporains, I.; Brunetifere, Poesie lyrique; Peyrat, Beranger et Lamennais (1861) ; Ivivalet, Souvenirs historiques et etude analytique sur Beranger et son ociivre (Paris, 1892).

BEBAR, ba-rar', or the Hyder.vb.^d Assig>-ed DiSTRiCT.s. A commissionership of British India, lying to the north of the Nizam's Dominions, "assigned" to the British for the maintenance of what is called the Nizam's contingent (Map: India, C 4). It lies between latitude 19° 20' and 21° 40' N., and between longitude 76° and 78° 2' E. Area, 17.718 square miles. Popula- tion, in 1891, 2,897.000; in 1901, 2,752,400. It is well watered by tributaries of the Tapti and Godavari. The soil is peculiarly suitable to the cultivation of cotton. Capital, Ellichpur.

BEBABD, ba'riir', Joseph FsEnfiBic (1789- 1828). A French physician and writer on physi- ology-. He was educated at ilontpellier, and was employed in Paris on the Dictionnnire des sciences tnedicales. He was professor of hygiene in Montpellier, -here he died at the age of thirty- nine. His most important work is Des rapports du physique et du moral (1823), in which he holds that the manifestations of will and of in- stinct cannot all be attributed to a single active cause, the "vital principle' of Barthez (q.v.). From the different phenomena of life he infers the existence of a purely spiritual substance — a soul — beside the principle of life, the two co- existing and exercising constant reciprocal action in the living and thinking being.

BEBAT, ba-riit' (corrupted from Slav. Bel- grad, white foi't). A fortified town of European Turkey, in the Vilayet of Janina, situated on the banks of the Osum, about 30 miles north- east of the seaport of Avlona (Map: Turkey in Europe, B 4). The valley in which Berat stands is very fertile, producing large quantities of grain, oil, and wine. Population, about 12,000, including 4000 Greeks.

BERAUD, ba'ro', Jean (1849—). A French painter. He was born in Saint Peters- burg, of French parentage. Upon the conclusion of the Franco-Pi'ussian War, in which he served with distinction, he became a pupil of Bonnat. He first exhibited at the Salon in 1874. The fol- lowing are some of his principal works: Leda (1875) ; The Return from the Funeral (1876) ; Soiree (1878); Condolences (1879); Public Ball (1880) ; ilontmartre (1881) ; The Intermediary (1882); The Brewery (1883); Portrait of Co- quelin (1885); Monte Carlo (1890); Harlequin (1890) ; Magdalen Among the Parisians (1891).

BEB'BER (evidently from Gk. pdp^apos, &or- baros, foreign, alien, of which the Ar. Ratana or Ertana is an equivalent; Amazirg. 'the free,' is the native name ). A name applied to the early Hamite peoples of northern Africa and the Sahara west of Ji,gj'pt. They are called Tuaregs in the desert: Shilluhs (Shluhs) in Morocco; Kabyles in Algeria and Tunis; and Amazirg or Mazj's in their own speech. They have been mixed with negro peoples in some places, in others with Semites, as well as with Romans, Vandals, and later Europeans, to whom they are closely akin. Their color varies from that of the blonde descendants of the fair Libyans of the monuments to very dark ; their stature also varies from tribe to tribe, the Mznbite Berber averaging 1.620 m., those of Tunis 1.663 m., of Biskra. 1.663 m., of Algeria 1.680 m. ; the cephalic index is 77.3. They are agriculturists and herdsmen, and live in tents, adobe huts, or stone houses, according to locality. In textile, leather, and metal work they excel, though their mechanical appliances are antiquated. Their government is patriarchal.

BEBBEB, El Mekheir, or El Mesherif. A town on the east bank of the Nile, a short dis- tance below the confluence of the Atbara, about latitude 18° N., longitude 34° E. (Map: Africa, H 3). It is one of the main stations on the direct roiite from Khartum to Cairo, and a start- ing place for caravans going to Suakin. on the eastern coast. It is also connected liv rail with Wady Haifa. Population, estimated at 10,000.

BEB'BEBA. The chief seaport of British Somalilaud, situated on the Gulf of .den, about 170 miles south of Aden (Map: Africa, J 3). The town has a good harbor and is the scene of an annual fair, lasting for some months, during which the population of the town is greatly in- creased and an extensive trade in cofi'ee, gold- dust, ivory, cattle, etc., is carried on. The cli- mate is healthful and the surrounding country very fertile. The permanent population is esti- mated at 25,000.

BEE'BEBIDA'CE;. An order of dicotyle- donous plants, of which the difl'erent species of Barberry (q.v.) aft'ord the best known ex- amples.' Many of the plants of this order are spiny shrubs; some are perennial herliace^ius plants. Their leaves are alternate, often with dilated bases or stipules, their flowers sometimes solitary, sometimes in racemes or panicles. The caly.x consists of three, four, or six deciduous sepals; the corolla, which arises from beneath the ovary, consists of petals either equal in num- ber to the sepals, and opposite to them, or twice as numerous; the stamens are usually equal in number to the petals, and opposite to them; the