Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/85

ARNOT. read, and include Illustrations of the Book of Proverbs (1869) and The Parables of Our Lord (1870). Consult Autobiography and Memoir (London, 1877).

AR'NOTT, (1788-1874). A Scotch physician and physicist. He was born at Arbroath, Scotland, and was educated at the Grammar School of Aberdeen and at Marischal College, in the same city. After studying medicine at Aberdeen, he went to London in 1806 and soon entered the East India Company's service in China. In 1811 he returned to London and en- gaged in general practice. In 1836 Dr. Arnott participated in the foundation of the University of London and was appointed a member of its senate. He was afterward elected a fellow of the Royal Society and of the theological Society. In 1837 he was appointed a physician extraordinary to the Queen. In 1823-24 Dr. Arnott was induced to deliver a course of lectures at the Philomathic Institute on natural philosophy in its applications to medicine. The substance of these lectures formed the basis of his Elements of Physics, or Natural Philosophy, General and Medical, published in 1827. Among the numerous applications of physical science to medical practice and to the alleviation of human suffering in general, invented by Dr. Arnott. may be mentioned the water-bed; but it is in connection with improvements in the warming and ventilating of houses that the name of Dr. Arnott was best known. In 1838 he published a treatise on Warming and Ventilating, and in 1855 another on The Smokeless Fireplace, Chimney-valves, etc. He was the inventor of the 'Arnott Stove' and 'Arnott Ventilator,' which, with characteristic philanthropy and disinterestedness, he did not patent, but for which he received the Rumford Medal of the Royal Society in 1854. In 1861 he published A Survey of Human Progress, full of interesting and enlightened views on improvement generally. In 1864 appeared Part I. of the revision of the Physics; this was followed by Part II., which contained the subjects of optics and astronomy for the first time, and also an interesting supplement entitled Arithmetic Simplified. Arnott's last publication was a small work on national education. He was a liberal benefactor to the University of London and the various Scottish universities. For memorial notice, consult Proceedings of the Royal Society, Vol. XXV. (London, 1877).

ARNOT'TO (probably the native name), or ANNATTO (also called and ; Ger., Orleans; French, rocou). A coloring matter of vegetable origin used to some extent in dyeing and calico-printing; it is also used as a coloring ingredient in plasters, ointments, and in certain varnishes; farmers use it for coloring butter and cheese. It is made from the seed pellicle of an evergreen plant, the Bixa Orellana, growing in Brazil, Cayenne, and several other places. To obtain it, the seeds of the fruit capsules are crushed and allowed to ferment in water: they are next rubbed upon a sieve, completely mashed, and the coloring matter washed away; after some time the water is decanted, and the coloring matter allowed to dry in the shade. It is then broken up into cakes and wrapped in leaves. Urine is sometimes used to keep it from decomposing. Arnotto is insoluble in water; it dissolves with a red color in alcohol, in alkalies, and in fixed oils. It gives beautiful but fugitive shades; its employment in dyeing and calico-printing is therefore limited. Indians prepare from it a paint for the body, used partly for the purpose of protecting themselves against mosquito bites; in South America it is largely used to improve the color and flavor of chocolate. The chief coloring principle of arnotto is a crystalline yellow substance called bixin.

ARNOULD, ;ir'ni5o' Sophie (1744-1803), A celebrated French actress and singer. She was born at Paris in the same room in the Rue de Bethisy in which Admiral Coligny was murdered. She made her debut at the Grand Opera, December 15, 1757, with splendid success. During a period of twenty-one years (1757-78) she was the most prominent and popular singer at the Royal Opera at Paris, one of her rôles being Iphigenia, in Gluck's Iphigenia in Aulis, which she was the first to interpret. Her voice was sweet and effective, her interpretation true to the intentions of the composer, her acting vivacious and graceful. She was not less remarkable for beauty and wit, and her home was frequented by such eminent scholars as d'Alembert, Helvetius, Diderot, and Rousseau. She has frequently been compared with Ninon de l'Enclos, and many of her epigrams and witticisms have been collected under the title of Arnouldiana.

ARNOULD-PLESSY, iir'noo'ple-se', (1819-97). A French actress. She was born at Metz, and made her debut at the Comédie Française as Emma in La fille d'honneur. Afterward she took prominent parts in La passion secrète, Le verre d'eau, Julie, and in many other successful plays. In 1845 she suddenly severed her contract and went to London, where she married J. F. Arnould, the dramatic author. Condemned by the French courts in the following year to pay damages to the amount of 100,000 francs (about $20,000), she went to Saint Petersburg in 1846, where for nine years she was engaged at the Théâtre Français. She returned to Paris in 1855, and was again a member of the Comédie Française until 1876, her principal triumphs here being associated with the later dramas of Emile Augier. During her long histrionic career she is said to have created fifty-three distinct rôles.

ARNPRI'OR. A town of Renfrew County, Ontario. Canada, on Chats Lake, at the junction of the Ottawa and Madawaska rivers, 38 miles northwest by rail from Ottawa. It has stations on the Canadian Pacific and the Canada Atlantic railways, several mills, marble quarries, and neighboring iron mines. The United States is represented by a consular agent. Population, in 1891, 3341; in 1901, 4152.

ARNSBERG, arns'berK. The capital of the government district of the same name in the Prussian Province of Westphalia, on the Ruhr, about 44 miles southeast of Munster (Map: Prussia, C 3). It has several churches, a gymnasium, a municipal hospital, a public slaughter-house, water-works, and gas-plant, and is the seat of the district government. Its principal article of manufacture is paper. On a hill above the town stand the ruins of the ancient castle of the Counts of Arnsberg. Near the castle is pointed out the spot where the chief tribunal of the Vehmgerichte (q.v.) was held. Population, in 1895, 7786; in 1900, 8448.