Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/847

BENCZUR. 5>or at the _cadeniv df .Municli, and afterwards iH'came director of the Acadeniy of Hiiclapest. ]?cnrzur is, perliaps. the most faitliful disciple of I'ihity. His paintings show oriffinality of conception and splendid coloring. The follow- ing are among the most noteworthy examples of his art: "Farewell of Ladislas Hunyady" ( 18G7; JIuseum of Budapest) : 'Arrest of Rrd<6czy in 1701" (189; Rumanian Court); "l^ouis XV. in the Boudoir of Dubarry;" "Family of Lonis XVI. during the Assault on Versailles" (1,S72; D. O. Mills, New York): "Baptism of Saint Stephen" (1S75; JIuseum of Budapest); "Bacchauti" (18S1): "The Recomjuest of Buda hy t'harles of Lorraine" (ISS^S; ifuseum of Budapest).

BEND (OF. bende, bumle, Fr. hande; ef. Eng. hand). (Hie of the honorable ordinaries, or more i!n|inrtant charges in heraldry ((pv.).

BENDA, ben'da, Feaxz (1709-86). A Ger- man vicdin virtuoso and teacher. He was bom ai Alt-Benatek, Bohemia, and studied with Liibel, Konicek, and Graun. He joined the orchestra of the Crown Prince — afterwards I'rcderick the Great — with whom he played about 50.000 concertos during a period of forty years. He was considered one of the best performers of his day.

BENDA, Georg (1722-95). A German nmsi- cian. He was born at .Jnngbunzlau, Bohemia, and studied vith his father, Hans Georg Benda. He became kapellmeister to Duke Frederick III. of Saxe-Gotha in 1748, and in 1704 went to Italy at the Duke's expense for the jiurpose of study. He returned to Gotha in 176(5, and de- voted himself to compiisition, writing, in all, about ten ojieras. several operettas, and the stirring melodramas Ariadne uuf Xaxos, Medea, Almaiisor, and Xadine. In 1778 he resigned his position and visited Hamburg, Vienna, and other cities, and finally settled at the little hamlet of Kostritz. The important place which he holds in the history of German opera is due to his in- troduction of the music-drama with spoken text. In other words, he was the originator of tile pure melodrama, in which the whole musical part is confined to the orchestra, while the dia- lect is spoken.

BENDAVID, ben-dil'vit. Lazakus (1762- 1832). A German-Jewish philosopher and mathe- matician. He was born in Berlin, studied at Berlin and Gottingen, and for a number of years lectured very successfully in Vienna in exposition of the Kantian philosophy. Expelled thence by a general decree against foreigners, he continued to lecture and write in Berlin. His publications include ^'crsuch iiher das Verijiuigen (1794) ; Vorlrsurigen iiher die Kritilc der reinen Yernunft (1795); Yorlesungen iiher die Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (1796) and Veher den Ursprung unscrer Erkenntnis (1802).

BENDEMANN, ben'dc-man, EnUARD JiTLrns Friedrich (1811-89). A German painter. He was born in Berlin of Jewish parents December 3, 1811, and went, at sixteen years of age, to study in Dusseldorf. In 1828 he painted a por- trait of his grandmother which attracted some attention. He went to Italy in 1830. and re- mained a year. On his return he began his first great picture, "The Jews Mourning in Exile," which was exhibited in the following year at Berlin, and, as the work of a youth of twenty- one, created a sensation. It is now in the Mu- seum at Cologne. With it may be 'classed two other important pictures on kindred subjects, "Jeremiah amid the Ruins of Jerusalem" (1837) and "The Departure for Exile" (1872). Bende- mann went to Dresden in 1838, as professor of painting at the Academy, and was soon commissioned by the King of Saxcmy to deco- rate some of the principal rooms in the royal palace there. For the throne-room he de- signed a frieze painted on a gold background running around the room, intended to sliow the whole of human life, from birth to death, in one continuous design. He also executed for this hall four large historical pictures from the life of Henry the Fowler. This exacting work occupied the greater part of his time for the next fifteen years. From 1859 to 1867 he was director of the Diissel- dorf Academy. His better known paintings include "Shepherd and Shepherdess" (1845), "Cain and Abel" (1804). "Penelope" .( 1877), and "The Sacrifice of Iphigenia" (1882). He also made some illustrations for the Vibel- iiiigcnlied which were much admired. He died in Diisseldorf December 27, 1889.

BEN'DER, or BENDERY, byen-dyer^ (Ar., Turk., market, harbor). A district town in the Government of Bessarabia. Russia, situated on the right bank of the Dniester, 53 miles from its mouth, and 36 miles from Kishinev, the capital of the government (Map: Russia, C 5). It is poorly built. It contains a number of churches, synagogues, a mosque, and a g^'mnasium for women. The trade is in grain, timber, animals, and wine. The fort, situated near the town, was abandoned in 1897. Population, in 1885, 44,700; 1897, 31,800. large portion of the i)opulation is Jewish, and the rest consists of Russians, Ar- menians, and Tartars. In 1770 the Russians captured the place, and put the garrison and inhabitants, then amounting to about 30,000, to the sword. After changing hands repeatedly be- tween the Turks and the Russians, Bender was finall.y ceded to the latter by the Peace of Bucharest, 1812. Charles XII. of Sweden lived from 1709 to 1712 at Varnitza, a village near Bender.

BENDER, (1845-1901 ). A German theologian and philosopher. He was born at Miinzcnberg, in Hesse, January 15, 1845. He studied at Giittingen and CJiessen, became professor of theology at Bonn, 1870, and was transferred to the philosophical faculty, 1888. An address he made at the Luther celebration of 1883 made a great sensation (Reformation und Kirchentum, Bonn, 1884), because of its ex- treme rationalistic tone, and he renewed the sen- sati<m by his later publications, Das Wesen der EeVufion und die Qrundqesefze der Kirehenhil- dung (1886: 4th ed., 1888): and Der Kampf urn die Seligkeit (1888), in which he explains religious phenomena by purely naturalistic evolutionary philosophy. In 1899 he published the first volume of ih/thologie und Metaphyaik : Grundlinien einer (iesehichte der Weltansehauungen (Stuttgart).

BENDER ABBAS, ben'dfr abTias (.4r., Pers., harbor of Abbas). A seaport of Persia on the Strait of Ormuz, opposite the islet of Orniuz (Map: Persia, F 7). It is very poorly